PURPOSE: This study was performed to evaluate whether a relationship may exist between transient peripheral pulmonary stenosis and the closure of the ductus arteriosus in term infants. METHODS: A total of 69 healthy full-term infants had pulmonary artery and ductal color Doppler flow velocity assessment performed at of 10 hours age(group I), 1-2 days of age(group II), and 1-2 weeks of age(group III). We measured the following variables at the main pulmonary artery, the right pulmonary artery and the left pulmonary artery ' diameter, flow velocity and velocity- time integral, acceleration time(AT), ejection time(ET). RESULTS: Diameters of right and left pulmonary arteries of group III were smaller than that of group I(P<0.01). There was no difference between groups in terms of RPA/LPA diameter ratio. There was significant difference between groups in terms of right and left pulmonary artery peak flow velocities. Right pulmonary artery(RPA)/left pulmonary artery(LPA) peak velocity ratio of group III was lower than that of group I and group II. There were significant differences between groups in terms of the right and left pulmonary artery peak velocity-time integral. RPA/LPA peak velocity-time integral ratio of group III are lower than those of group I. There were significant differences between groups in terms of right and left pulmonary artery acceleration time/ejection time(P<0.05). There were no significant differences between groups in term of RPA/LPA AT/ET ratios. The increase of peak flow velocity % of RPA and LPA in groups II and III is higher than that of group I. CONCLUSION: Ductal constriction could explain increases in left pulmonary arterial flow velocities in full term infants.
Acceleration ; Constriction ; Ductus Arteriosus ; Humans ; Infant* ; Pulmonary Artery* ; Pulmonary Valve Stenosis

We did clinical analysis of 72 patients with branched retinal vein occlusion, who were diagnosed by indirect opthalmoscope and fluorescein angiography and treated with laser photocoagulatlon from Jan, 198l to May, l990. The results were as follows; 1. Final visual acuity has a Significant statistical correlation with macular edema in terma of 'quadrant area' 2. We were unable to demonstrate any statistical correlation between final visual acuity and the following factors: degree of nonperfusion, neovascularization type of laser photocoagulatlon, duration of symptoms before laser photocoagulation.
Fluorescein Angiography ; Humans ; Light Coagulation ; Macular Edema ; Retinal Vein Occlusion* ; Retinal Vein* ; Retinaldehyde* ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: Craniospinal neurenteric (NE) cysts are rare developmental non-neoplastic cysts of the central nervous system with diverse MR imaging findings. The purpose of this study was to evaluate various MR imaging findings of intracranial and intraspinal NE cysts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the MR imaging findings of six NE cysts that were confirmed by pathology. We evaluated anatomic location, signal intensity, size and enhancement pattern of NE cysts. RESULTS: Two intracranial lesions were located extra-axially in the cerebellopontine angle and quadrigeminal cisterns. Three spinal lesions were intraduralextramedullary cysts, located ventral to the spinal cord, but one thoracic lesion was an intramedullary cyst. The signal intensity of the cysts was hyperintense on T1-weighted images as compared with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for two intracranial lesions and one cervical lesion. In addition, all intracranial lesions showed diffusion restriction. For the remaining three spinal lesions, the signal intensity was nearly the same as the signal intensity of the CSF as seen on both T1- and T2-weighted images. On contrast-enhanced studies, two intracranial cysts showed a small nodular enhancement and one thoracic spinal lesion showed rim enhancement. CONCLUSION: NE cysts have various locations, signal intensities, and possible focal nodular or rim enhancement. Therefore, NE cysts can be included in the differential diagnosis of various craniospinal cystic or tumorous cystic lesions.
Central Nervous System ; Cerebellopontine Angle ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Diffusion ; Neural Tube Defects ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Cord

PURPOSE: The proportion of interventional catheterization in congenital heart disease is being increased in Korea, especially in Sejong Heart Institute, so we performed statistical analysis on the cardiac catheterization cases. METHODS: Total 233 cases of congenital heart disease confirmed by cardiac catheterization at the Sejong Heart Institute between Jaunary 1995 and June 1995 were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: 1) The distribution of age has become more younger than that of previous reports that is, the proportion of the infant less than 1 year old was 34.8%. 2) The proportion of male sex was equal to that of female. TOF and TGA were observed predominantly in male patients, and PDA and UVH revealed female preponderance. 3) The relative frequencies of each individual congenital heart disease in order of frequency were as follows; TOF 37.3%, PDA 13.3%, VSD 8.2% and UVH 7.7%. 4) Among the 145 (62%) cases of hemodynamic study pre-operation and post-operation cases were 85 and 60 cases, respectively. The cases of interventional catheterization were 84 (36%), and those of endomyocardial biopsy were 4 (2%). 5) The frequencies of each interventional catheterization of 84 cases in order of frequency were as follows: defect closure 28 cases, balloon valvuloplasty 20 cases, balloon angioplasty 17 cases, coil embolization 15 cases, and balloon atrial septostomy 4 cases. 6) There were 2 cases of mortality associated with cardiac catheterization. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of interventional catheterization in congenital heart disease is being increased in the Sejong Heart Institute, and this trend will spread to the other cardiac center in Korea.
Angioplasty, Balloon ; Balloon Valvuloplasty ; Biopsy ; Cardiac Catheterization ; Cardiac Catheters ; Catheterization* ; Catheters* ; Embolization, Therapeutic ; Female ; Heart ; Heart Defects, Congenital* ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Infant ; Korea ; Male ; Mortality ; Retrospective Studies

BACKGROUND: As brain tumor cells are immunologically active, they release various factors like a cytokine, growth factor and express a death domain on their surfaces. Accordingly they support proliferation, vascularity, invasiveness and maintain immune privileged sites. However, the relationship between tumor cells and surrounding neuron cells have been rarely reported in tumor patients with epilepsy that inhibitory neuron cells have been lost around peritumoral sites. This study was designed to address that tumor cells directly damage neuron cells. METHODS: Using LDH assay and special stain, we investigated whether or not cultured supernatants of astrocytoma cells induce the damage of neuron cells. RESULTS: The neuron cells were killed by tumor cells supernatant and increased by pretreatment of neuron cells supernatant and lysates. Protein extracted tumor cells supernatant also damage neuron cells. It was proved by Annexin-PI stain and DNA fragmentation that neuronal death by tumor cells was apoptosis. The more malignant tumor cells, the more neuronal death was induced and the more their cytokines were expressed. In comparison with various cytokine expressions in tumor cells, it can be assumed that the released protein from tumor cells was associated with TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-alpha. CONCLUSIONS: Brain tumor cells are active processing cells that they recognize surrounding normal neuron cells, release death factors and induce apoptosis of neuron cells. Released death factors are related toTNF-alpha. (J Korean Neurol Assoc 19(3):266~277, 2001)
Apoptosis* ; Astrocytoma ; Brain Neoplasms* ; Brain* ; Cytokines ; DNA Fragmentation ; Epilepsy ; Humans ; Necrosis ; Neurons*

Coronary stent dislodgement during percutaneous coronary intervention, which occurs when the stent is passed through tortuous and calcified lesions, is not a rare complication. Without proper treatment, such as fixing with another stent in the coronary artery or removing the undeployed stent from the coronary artery or systemic artery system, this complication can cause serious problems. We experienced the unusual situation of a dismounted and dislodged coronary stent, in which retrograde retrieval to the radial artery was impossible during transradial coronary intervention. We report on use of a rendezvous and snare technique at the brachial artery level via femoral puncture, which resulted in resolution without surgery.
Arteries ; Brachial Artery* ; Coronary Vessels ; Endovascular Procedures ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; Punctures ; Radial Artery ; SNARE Proteins* ; Stents*

Intradural extramedullary tuberculoma of the spinal cord is a rare manifestation of the spinal tuberculosis, with a few cases described so far. Recently, we have experienced two cases of extensive intradural extramedullary tuberculoma at the thoracic spine. So, we report these cases with review of the literatures.
Spinal Cord ; Spine ; Tuberculoma ; Tuberculosis, Spinal

Psychiatry residency training in South Korea currently has many limits in developing proper competencies of residents. To address this problem, the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association has been developing a new competency-based training program since 2015, using the educational systems of advanced countries such as Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia as references. It was found that within the referenced countries' residency training systems, objectives based on competencies are stated in detail by psychiatric topics as well as various assessment methods and feedback about the resident's competency level. In addition, we surveyed psychiatric resident training hospitals, and found that more than 80% of the respondents answered positively in reference to the new training program. This paper briefly reviews competency-based residency training systems of advanced countries and compares them to the current training program in South Korea. Many resources are needed to run a new competency-based training program, and governmental supports are essential to improve the quality of the residency training system.
Australia ; Canada ; Competency-Based Education ; Curriculum ; Education ; Great Britain ; Internship and Residency ; Korea ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; United States

This correction is being published to revise the authorship

Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome is an infrequent disease that usually occurs in relatively young patients. The authors encountered a case of unilateral popliteal artery occlusion caused by anomalous slippage of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. Complete resection of the occluded segment and myotomy of the anomalous slip were performed, and end-to-end re-anastomosis was completed using a saphenous vein graft. At 18 months after the procedure, there was no evidence of recurrence.
Head ; Humans ; Knee ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Popliteal Artery ; Saphenous Vein ; Transplants