Large numbers of any population of shoe wears have abnormalities of the skin of their toe clefts, but most of them have no recognized pathogen there. The term tinea pedis, or athlete's foot, should be strictly reserved for those infected with a dermatophyte fungus. The prevalance of this condition in the general population is unknown, and a survey of a true representative sample would present considerable difficulties. The toe webs and the soles as well as other area of the feet which showed any clinical changes were scraped and the scales ohtained were examined microscopically after clearing with 10% KOH and were inoculated on to Sabouraud's glucose agar. Pathogenic fungi were identified in slide culture and fermentation test with macro and microscopically. Total 1669 workers were examined in Cotton Mill Industry. Patients from 648 (38.7%) workers {85(28.1%) of 302 men and from 563 (41.1%) of 1367 women) showed clinically diagnosed tinea pedis. Their ages varied from 15 to over 50 years, with most of those examined in the second decade, especially women. The positivc rate of 10% KOH preparation found, that 21.3% of 72 men and 78.7% of 267 women were clinical diagnosed. An analysis of 221 identified strains with mycologic examination has shown that trichophyton rubrum (88 strains) is more isolated than T.mentagrophytes (66 strains), also candida species (50 strains are included C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. pseudotropicalis, C. parakrusei and C. stellatoidea.) Authors figures indicate that the incidence of dermatophytosis is high in workers of Cotton Mill Industry for following reasons; 1. Environmental condition of working place are maintained constantly high temperature and humidity. 2. Workers are used in industrial bath room after working, and living a communal life.
Agar ; Arthrodermataceae ; Baths ; Candida ; Female ; Fermentation ; Foot ; Fungi ; Glucose ; Humans ; Humidity ; Incidence ; Male ; Shoes ; Skin ; Tinea Pedis ; Tinea* ; Toes ; Trichophyton ; Weights and Measures

The localizations and morphological characteristics of gonadotropes in the adenohypophy-sis of Korean native goat were investigated with double immunohistochemistry. The gonadotropes were present in the pars distalis and pars tuberalis, but not in the pars intermedta. Gonadotropes occupied about 49.0% of the cells in the pars distalis in females, and about 40.8% in males. Three types of gonadotropes ; FSH immunoreactive cells[FSH cells], LH immunoreac-tive cells[LH cells], and FSH and LH immunoreactive cells[FSH/LH cell], were identified according to their immunoreactivities for FSH and LH antisera. The possessional perce-ntages of FSH cells, LH cells and FSH/LH cells were 1.1%, 40.6%, 58.3% in females and 1.8%, 30.0%, 68.8% in males, respectively. FSH/LH cells were large and oval or round in shape. These cells were distributed throughout the pars distalis, but were more abundant on the dorsal part adjacent to the hypophyseal cavity and along the lateral and ventral peripheral regions. LH cells were smaller than other gonadotropes and were observed throughout the pars distalis, but predominant in the central region. FSH cells were large and oval in shape. These cells were intercalated between FSH/LH cells.
Female ; Goats* ; Gonadotrophs ; Humans ; Immune Sera ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male

PURPOSE: Cardiac arrest and resuscitation produce global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury to the brain, which lead to high mortality and delayed neuronal death. Adenosine has been suggested as an endogenous neuroprotective molecule, acting through multiple potential mechanisms. We investigated the possible neuroprotective effects of adenosine on cerebral recovery following global ischemia induced by asphyxial cardiac arrest. METHODS: Twenty-four rats were randomized into three groups. Group I, II, and III had anesthesia, procedures, and asphyxia for 7 minutes and then survived to 72 hours. Group I(n=8) was not administered N6- L - phenylisopropyl adenosine(L-PIA). Group II(n=8) was administered LPIA(0.8 mg/kg), and group III(n=8) was administered LPIA(1.5 mg/kg) after spontaneous circulation. The dosedependent neuroprotective effects of L-PIA were compared to the control by using a histopathological method. RESULTS: Histological observations of CA1 showed a more significant reduction of neuronal cell loss in groups II and III than in group I(p<0.05). Histological observations of CA2 and CA3 didn't show a significant reduction of neuronal cell loss in groups II and III compared to group I. CONCLUSION: These results show that post-ischemic administration of adenosine protected against delayed neuronal damage in the hippocampal CA1 area following a 7-min asphyxial cardiac arrest in rats.
Adenosine* ; Anesthesia ; Animals ; Asphyxia ; Brain ; Brain Ischemia ; Heart Arrest* ; Ischemia ; Mortality ; Neurons ; Neuroprotective Agents ; Rats* ; Reperfusion Injury ; Resuscitation

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of KCl on regulation of circadian gene CLOCK expression, we observed whether induction of CLOCK is influenced by KCl depolarization in B35 rat neuroblastoma cells. METHODS: B35 rat neuroblastoma cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin in a 37 degrees C humidified incubator with 5% CO2. Inhibitors including cycloheximide and actinomycin D were pretreated 1 hour before treatment with 50mM KCl. Immunoblotting with anti-CLOCK antibody was done. RESULTS: CLCOK is induced by 50 mM KCl in B35 Rat Neuroblastoma cells, and a maximal induction in CLOCK level reached peak at 8 to 20 hours. The pretreatment of cycloheximide and actinomycin D prevented the induction of CLOCK by 50 mM KCl. CONCLUSION: We suggest that KCl depolarization may play critical roles in several aspects of the circadian gene CLOCK expression.
Animals ; Circadian Clocks ; Cycloheximide ; Dactinomycin ; Immunoblotting ; Incubators ; Neuroblastoma* ; Rats*

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a combination therapy with PDE5 inhibitor and testosterone replacement therapy in erectile dysfunction patients with testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS) after failure of PDE5 inhibitor mono-therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From March 2004 to July 2008, we evaluated 38 men (aged 38 to 69 years) who showed no response to PDE5 inhibitor therapy at the maximal recommended dose and they had testosterone levels less than 350ng/dL. Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) was subsequently started with injectable testosterone undecanoate (NEBIDO(R)) or transdermal testosterone (Testogel(R)) in those patients. They received TRT during an 18-week period. After 14 weeks of TRT alone, PDE5 inhibitor was added to the TRT for an additional 4 weeks. After treatment, we evaluated the patients' sexual function, which was primarily based on the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), and the serum testosterone levels. RESULTS: All patients showed elevated serum testosterone levels after TRT (range: 212 to 662ng/dl, mean level: 362.19 ng/dl). At week 18, almost all of the men reported improved potency with combination therapy. After treatment, the mean total IIEF score and each sub-domain score were increased significantly compared to the baseline score. CONCLUSIONS: Testosterone replacement therapy combined with PDE5 inhibitor may be beneficial in improving the erectile function in testosterone deficiency syndrome patients with erectile dysfunction and who are unresponsive to PDE5 inhibitor alone.
Erectile Dysfunction ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; Male ; Testosterone

A 25-year-old Korean woman was referred for uncontrolled hypertension. Laboratory examination revealed increased plasma renin activity and microscopic hematuria. Computed tomography demonstrated compression of the left renal vein (LRV) between the aorta and superior mesenteric artery; however, both renal arteries were intact and there was no adrenal mass. Renal vein catheterization showed external compression with a pressure gradient of up to 8 mm Hg between the LRV and the inferior vena cava. Plasma renin activity in the LRV was almost five times higher than that in the right renal vein. In this patient, renin-dependent hypertension was caused by renal congestion due to LRV obstruction.
Adult ; Aorta ; Catheterization ; Catheters ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Female ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Hypertension* ; Mesenteric Artery, Superior ; Plasma ; Renal Artery ; Renal Nutcracker Syndrome ; Renal Veins ; Renin ; Vena Cava, Inferior

Objectives: Hikikomori is a social condition characterized by social withdrawal. It is essential to develop an objective indicator to screen for this condition and provide early intervention. Therefore, this study verified the validity and reliability of a Korean version of the 25-item Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ-25). Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants at high risk of feeling loneliness and who were recruited through online and offline methods. Data based on clinical scales were collected, and after four weeks, a self-report questionnaire was administered to a few participants to confirm the degree of agreement. Results: One hundred forty-three people were enrolled, out of which 45 were identified as hikikomori. There was a significant difference in scores between the hikikomori group and the unaffected group (64.44 and 39.30, respectively; p<0.01). Convergent diversity and test-retest reliability were satisfactory. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.817. Based on confirmatory factor analysis, the existing model was found suitable. In this study, sensitivity and specificity were 88.9% and 52.0% at 40.5 points, and 84.4% and 49.0% at 41.5 points, respectively. Conclusion The Korean version of the HQ-25 has secure validity and reliability. This scale can be beneficial in the screening and early intervention of hikikomori.

Major ABO incompatibility may be potentially associated with immediate or delayed hemolysis and delayed onset of erythropoiesis in patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). To determine if hemolysis can be prevented by the inhibition of graft erythropoiesis, we performed hypertransfusion and assessed red cell transfusion requirement and independence. Between October 1995 and December 2001, 28 consecutive patients receiving major ABO incompatible HSCT at Samsung Medical Center were hypertransfused to maintain their hemoglobin levels at 15 g/dL or more. We retrospectively compared the outcomes of these patients with those of 47 patients at Asan Medical Center whose target hemoglobin levels were 10 g/dL. Reticulocyte engraftment was significantly delayed in hypertransfused group (51 days vs. 23 days; p= .001). There was no significant difference in the total amount of red cells transfused within 90 days post-HSCT (25 units vs. 26 units; p= .631). No significant difference in the time to red cell transfusion independence was observed between the two groups (63 days vs. 56 days; p=.165). In conclusion, we failed to improve red cell transfusion requirement and independence in major ABO incompatible HSCT with hypertransfusion.
*ABO Blood-Group System ; Adolescent ; Adult ; *Blood Transfusion ; Erythrocytes/metabolism ; Erythropoiesis ; Female ; Hemoglobins/metabolism ; Hemolysis ; Human ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Time Factors ; Transplantation, Homologous ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVE: To compare the oncologic and obstetric outcomes in reproductive-age females with borderline ovarian tumors (BOTs) treated with cyst enucleation (CE) or unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (USO). METHODS: The medical records of patients with BOTs treated between 1998 and 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. The recurrence rates in the USO and CE groups were compared, and the postoperative obstetric outcomes were assessed via telephone survey. RESULTS: Eighty-nine patients with BOTs underwent USO, and 19 underwent CE. Of these, six patients had recurrent BOTs. The recurrence rate was significantly lower in the USO group (3/89, 3.4%) than in the CE group (3/19, 15.8%) (P=0.032). All patients with recurrent disease were successfully treated with further surgery. Of the 76 patients interviewed by telephone, 71 (93.4%) resumed regular menstruation after surgery. Twenty-six of the 32 patients (81.3%) who attempted to conceive had successful pregnancies. USO (19/24, 79.2%), like CE (7/8, 87.5%), resulted in favorable pregnancy rates for patients with BOTs. CONCLUSION: USO is a suitable fertility-preserving surgery for women with BOTs. CE is also an acceptable option for select patients.
Female ; Fertility Preservation ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Menstruation ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Rate ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Telephone

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) was recently suggested to be a potential target of psychotropics used in psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Relevant studies have found that antipsychotic drugs regulate GSK3 activity via an increase in either inhibitory serine phosphorylation or amount of GSK3 after acute or subchronic treatment. Recent evidence shows that GSK3 is regulated by dopaminergic or serotonergic systems implicated in the pathophysiology and treatment mechanisms of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Therefore, antipsychotics may regulate GSK3 via antagonizing dopaminergic or serotonergic activity. However, the signaling pathway that is involved in GSK3 regulation by dopaminergic or serotonergic systems has not been well established. Haloperidol is a typical antipsychotic with potent dopamine D(2) receptor antagonism. Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic with potent serotonin 5HT(2) receptor antagonism. We injected rats with haloperidol or clozapine and examined the phosphorylation and amount of GSK3alpha/beta and its well-known upstream regulators Akt and Dvl in the rat frontal cortex by Western blotting. Both haloperidol and clozapine induced Ser21/9 phosphorylation of GSK3GSK3alpha/beta. Haloperidol increased the Ser473 phosphorylation of Akt transiently, whereas clozapine maintained the increase for 1 h. Haloperidol did not affect the phosphorylation and amount of Dvl, whereas clozapine increased both phosphorylation and the amount of Dvl. Our results suggest that GSK3 activity may be regulated by both typical and atypical antipsychotics and that Akt or Dvl, depending on the D(2)- or 5HT(2)- receptor antagonism properties of typical and atypical antipsychotics, mediate the regulation differently.
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism/*physiology ; Animals ; Antipsychotic Agents/*pharmacology ; Clozapine/*pharmacology ; Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology ; Frontal Lobe/*drug effects/enzymology ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/*metabolism ; Haloperidol/*pharmacology ; Male ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism/*physiology ; Phosphorylation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction