In order to study the effect of lead exposure on the hematocrit and hemoglobin values in accordance with the level of lead exposure, twenty-four Sprague-Dawly rates were equally divided into four groups of six tars each. Lead acetate disolved in glucose was injected intrapertitoneally six times a week, for weeks with does of 0.05 mg/kg/day for group I, 0.5 mg/kg/day for group II, and 5 mg/kg/day for group III. Control group was injected glucose only. Blood samples for the checking of the hematocrit and hemoglobin values, were taking from tail vein of rats before lead injection and on the third, seventh, fourteenth, twenty-first, and twenty-eighth days after lead injection. And also, the concentration of lead and ALA in urine were checked for evaluating the lead absorption. The results were as follows ; 1. The alteration of the hematocrit and hemoglobin values of the group I was not significant as that of the control group. 2. In group II, the hematocrit values were significantly decreased from the fourteenth day after lead injection, and the hemoglobin values were decreased from the twenty- first day after lead injection when the concentration of lead in urine was elevated more than 260 microgram/liter. 3. In group III, the hematocrit value were decreased from the seventh day after lead injection, and the hemoglobin value were decreased even from third day after lead injection. And the hemoglobin values were more rapidly decreased than the hematocrit values. 4. In all group, the correlation coefficient between hematocrit and hemoglobin was highly significant. And the difference between the correlation coefficient of the group III and that of the others was highly significant.
Absorption ; Animals ; Glucose ; Hematocrit* ; Rats ; Tars ; Veins

OBJECTIVES: This research was intended to investigate the relationship between manganese and malodndialdehyde concentration in tissues of rats exposed to maganese chloride. METHODS: The study groups were 12 manganese treated rats and 9 control rats. Manganese treated rats were given intraperitoneally manganese chloride (Mn, 4 mg/kg) daily for a period of 30 days except Sunday. Control rats were injected 1ml of saline. The plasma manganese concentrations of rats were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The tissue manganese concentration was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Malondialdehyde, the product of lipid peroxidation was determined by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. The plasma malondialdehyde was determined by gas chromatography with mass-detector. Protein concentration was quantified by ultraviolet-visible spectrometry and was used for the compensation of tissue malondialdehyde and manganese concentration. RESULTS: Manganese concentrations of plasma, brain, liver, and pancreas were very significantly higher in the manganese-treated rats than in the control rats. Malondialdehyde concentration of plasma, brain, and pacrease were significantly higher in the manganese-treated rats than in the control rats. The concentration of malondialdehyde was correlated with manganese levels in plasma, brain and pancreas. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained as above, it was concluded that the malondialdehyde, product of lipid peroxidation was related to the cell death due to dosing excess manganese.
Absorption ; Animals ; Brain ; Cell Death ; Chromatography, Gas ; Compensation and Redress ; Graphite ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Liver ; Malondialdehyde* ; Manganese* ; Pancreas ; Plasma ; Rats* ; Spectrophotometry ; Spectrum Analysis

22 cases of giant cell tumor of bone treated between 1973 and 1979 have been reviewed after a miaimum follow-up of two years and following results were obtaind. 1. Fourteen cases (63%) were in the third and fourth decade. 2. Fourteen cases (63%) were located around the knee joint. 3. Five (42%) of the twelve tumors treated by curettage and bone graft recurred. Five tumors treated by En bloc resection and two tumors treated by amputation had no recurrences. 4. Five of six recurrences occured within two years after mitial treatment.
Amputation ; Curettage ; Follow-Up Studies ; Giant Cell Tumor of Bone ; Giant Cell Tumors ; Giant Cells ; Knee Joint ; Recurrence ; Transplants

Talus is an important structure of the ankle joint and its function is critical for ambulation and weight bearing. The talus fracture is rare, but the complications of fracture and dislocation are serious and resulting in avascular necrosis, osteoarthritis. So its treatment is carefully considered at initial status. Authors reviewed 11 cases of fracture and dislocation of the talus treated at Yeungnam university hospital from 1984 to 1991. The longest follow up was 8 years and shortest, 1 years. The results were as follows. 1. There were all males, the average age was 30 years old. 2. The most common cause was fall down (8 cases), and next traffic accident (2 cases), sports injury (1 case). 3. According to Marti-Weber classification, 1 case was type I, 1 in type II, 4 in type III and 5 in type IV. 4. The method of treatment were open reduction and internal fixation in 6 cases, the others were closed reduction in 5 cases. 5. Final results (by Hawkins grading system) were as follows, 3 cases were excellent, 4 cases were good, 1 case was fair and 3 cases were poor. 6. Complications were AVN in 2 cases, degenerative arthritis in 8 cases, malunion in 1 case. 7. The range of motion of the ankle joint was relatively preserved (74%), but in the subtalar joint it was decreased (43%)
Accidents, Traffic ; Ankle Joint ; Athletic Injuries ; Classification ; Dislocations ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Methods ; Necrosis ; Osteoarthritis ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Subtalar Joint ; Talus* ; Walking ; Weight-Bearing

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects on the formation of benzidine-hemoglobin, and benzidine metabolite-hemoglobin adducts, caused by pretreatment with the known xenobiotic metabolism effectors, ethanol and phenobarbital, in rats administered Direct Black 38 dye. METHODS: The experimental rats were divided into three groups: a control group, an ethanol group and a phenobarbital group. Rats were pretreated with ethanol (1g/kg) or phenobarbital (80mg/kg) 24 hours prior to the oral administration of Direct Black 38 (0.5mmol/kg), with the control group being administered the same amount of distilled water. Blood samples were obtained from the vena cava of 5 rats from each group prior to, and at 30 min, 3 h, 6 h, 9 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, and 144 h following the oral administration of Direct Black 38. Directly after sampling the blood was separated into hemoglobin and plasma, with the adducts being converted into aromatic amines by basic hydrolysis. Hydrolyzed benzidiene, monoacetylbenzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl were analyzed by reverse-phase liquid chromatography with an electrochemical detector. The quantitative amount of the metabolites was expressed by the hemoglobin binding index (HBI). RESULTS: In the ethanol group, benzidine-, monoacetylben-zidine-, and 4-aminobiphenyl-HBI were increased to a greater extent than those in the control group. These results were attributed to the ethanol inducing N-hydroxylation, which is related to the formation of the hemoglobin adduct. In the phenobarbital group, all the HBIs, with the exception of the benzidine-HBI, were increased to a greater extent than those of the control group. These results were attributed to the phenobarbital inducing N-hydroxylation related to the formation of the hemoglobin adduct. The N-acetylation ratio was only increased with the phenobarbital pretreatment due to the lower benzidine-HBI of the phenobarbital group compared to those of the control and ethanol groups. The N-acetylation ratios for all groups were higher than 1 for the duration of the experimental period. Although the azo reduction was unaffected by the ethanol, it was inhibited by the phenobarbital. The ratio of the benzidine-HBI in the phenobarbital group was lower than those of the ethanol the control groups for the entire experiment. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that both ethanol and phenobarbital increase the formation of adducts by the induction of N-hydroxylation, but also induced N-acetylation. Phenobarbital decreased the formation of benzidine-HBI due to the decrease of the azo reduction. These results suggest that the effects of ethanol and phenobarbital need to be considered in the biochemical monitoring of Direct Black 38.
Administration, Oral ; Amines ; Animals ; Chromatography, Reverse-Phase ; Ethanol* ; Hydrolysis ; Metabolism ; Phenobarbital* ; Plasma ; Rats* ; Water

The use of antituberculous drug made it possible to develop the radical operative procedure in the treatment of the spine tuberculosis. The anterior fusion is the most frequently used surgical measure in the treatment of the spine tuberculosis but several problems were observed not infrequently. One hundred and twenty-nine cases of childhood spine tuberculosis were treated by the anterior spinal fusion for the period of ten years from 1968 to 1977 at Seoul National University Hospital, and following results were obtained. Problems of the anterior spinal fusion could be divided into two categories; one is the complications and the others are difficulties in the surgical procedure. Complications of the anterior spinal fusion were divided into early and late. Early complications include graft failure, pulmonary problems, cord compression and spinal fluid leakage. Late complications include increasing kyphosis, draining sinus and graft failure. Degrees of increasing kyphosis were the greatest in the age group between the and five years, and greater degrees of increasing kyphosis were observed in more joint involvement. Increasing kyphosis were observed more frequently in longer follow up. The causes of increasing kyphosis could be considered as the relative discrepancies between the growth of the anterior and posterior comparment, and graft failure.
Child ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Joints ; Kyphosis ; Seoul ; Spinal Fusion ; Spine ; Surgical Procedures, Operative ; Transplants ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Spinal

There have been numerous hypotheses about the pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis, but it is still unclear. There are some reports that abnormalities of contractile proteins may play a role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis. The purpose of this report is to study the quantitative abnormalities of contractile proteins in muscles and nonactivated and activated platelets, and to determine whether or not the abnormalities in contractile proteins may play a role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis. The materials were 21 idiopathic scoliosis patients aged from 13 years to 28 years(average 19.2 years) and 20 persons aged from 17 years to 25 years(average 20.1 years) as a control group. The electrophoretic analysis(SDS-PAGE method) was done on platelets both unstimulated and stimulated with thrombin and also on proteins of paraspinal muscles and gluteus maximus of idiopathic scoliosis patient and paraspinal muscles of control group. The results are as follows. 1. The myosin/actin ratios of triton-insoluble fractions to paraspinal muscles in convex sides of main curvatures of scoliosis patients(1.69±0.81) were significantly decreased compared to those of concave sides(2.55±1.28), gluteus maximus muscles(2.56±1.70) and control group(2.61±1.01). 2. There were no significant differences between scoliosis group and control group in the actin/myosin ratios of triton-insoluble fractions of the platelets both nonactivated and activated by thrombin. In conclusion, abnormalities of contractile protein in paraspinal muscles of convex side may play a role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis, rather than abnormalities of systemic contractile protein.
Actins ; Blood Platelets ; Contractile Proteins ; Humans ; Muscles ; Myosins ; Paraspinal Muscles ; Scoliosis ; Thrombin

Msny clinical and experimental studies trying to elucidate the cause of idiopathic scoliosis have been carried out. There, however, is no established theory to explain it. This paper is aimed at approaching one of various causes of idiopathic scoliosis by producing thoracic scoliosis in growing rabbits with unilateral resection of thoracic spinal nerves. All 43 rabbits were divided into four different groups. The first group(11 rabbits) consisted of rsbbits whose primary anterior and posterior divisions of the unilateral thoracic spinal nerves were resected. The second(11 rabbits) and the third(11 rabbits) were groups of rabbits whose primary anterior and posterior devisions were resected respectively. The fourth(10 rabbits) was the control group. The first group of rsbbits showed the most prominent curvature of the spine. The group of resection of primary posterior division showed less severe scoliosis than the first group but more marked scoliosis than the group of resection of primary anterior division. The biopsy of the denervated muscles included in the scoliosis revealed atrophy. It is concluded from the animal experiments with 43 growing rabbits that unilateral paralysis of the thoracic spinal nerves could be one csuse of iniopathic scoliosis and the primary posterior division of the thoracic spinal nerve contributed to the production of scoliosis more than the primary anterior division.
Animal Experimentation ; Atrophy ; Biopsy ; Muscles ; Paralysis ; Rabbits ; Scoliosis ; Spinal Nerves ; Spine

The present study has been performed to investigate the neural axis of rat digastric muscle using viral tracer, pseudorabies virus. The upper nuclei to innervate digastric muscle were in accumbens nucleus, agran-ular insular cortex, central nucleus of amygaloid, lateral septal nucleus, frontal cortex, and subfornical organ etc, in telencephalon ; arcuate hypothalamic nucleus, lateral hypot-halamic area, medial preoptic nucleus, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, dorsomedial hypot-halamic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, and retrochiasmatic area etc, in diencephalon ; nucleus Darkschewitsch, interstitial nucleus of the medial logitudinal fasciculus, parabrachial nucleus, locus ceruleus, Kolliker-Fuse nucleus, trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus, red nucleus, substantia nigra, nucleus of posterior commissure, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and dorsal raphe nucleus etc, in mesencephalon ; giganto-cellular reticular nucleus, raphe magnus nucleus, raphe pallidus nucleus, raphe obscuous nucleus, nucleus of solitary tracts, lateral reticular nucleus, parvocellular reticular nucleus, area postrema, facial nucleus, pontine reticular nucleus, pontine nucleus of trigeminal nerve and spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve etc, in rhombencephalon. There are significant difference of numbers of PRV-Ba immunoreactive cells between right and left sides of brain in almost nuclei[P< 0.05]. But PRV-Ba immunoreactive cells were observed only ipsilaterally in accessory trigeminal motor nucleus, accessory facial nucleus and agranular insular cortex. Frontal cortex was the only area which were shown contralateral immunoreactivity. The results of this study provide anatomical support that both the cranial and caudal bellies are innervated by the same upper nuclei. The results also support the suggestion that the lower nuclei of digastric muscle, accessory trigeminal motor nucleus and accessory facial nucleus consist of somatotopic motor complex.
Animals ; Area Postrema ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra* ; Brain ; Diencephalon ; Herpesvirus 1, Suid ; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral ; Immunohistochemistry ; Locus Coeruleus ; Mesencephalon ; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus ; Raphe Nuclei ; Rats* ; Red Nucleus ; Rhombencephalon ; Septal Nuclei ; Subfornical Organ ; Substantia Nigra ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus ; Telencephalon ; Trigeminal Nerve ; Trigeminal Nuclei

Cervical spine injury, because of its increasing frequency and catastrophic neurological complication, has attracted many attention of every orthopedic surgeons. Moreover, the indications of surgical treatment and the indications of anterior or posterior fusion have been argued till now. Forty-one patients with cervical spine injury had been treated operatively at Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital from January, 1980 to April, 1987. The surgically treated patients were followed up from 1 year to 7 years with average duration of 2.5years. We performed this study to define the advantages of the surgical treatment, the indications of the anterior and posterior fusion, the postoperative neurological changes, the importance of early reduction, and the result of surgical treatment in late instability cases and obtained the following results. 1. Flexion-rotation injury, in twenty three patients(56.0%), was the most frequent mechanism of injury. 2. Anterior decompression and fusion was performed in 8 patients(19.5%) when there were neural compression by fractured bone fragment or ruptured intervertebral disc material and rupture of anterior longitudinal ligament with hyperextension injury, without poterior ligament complex injury, and posterior fusion and wiring in 33 patients(80.5%) when there were upper cervical spine(C1, C2) injuries and posterior ligament complex injury. 3. Neurological involvements were observed in 35 patients(85.4%) on arrival, and partial and complete neurological recoveries were obtained in 20 patients(57.1%) out of 35 patients postoperatively. 4. Neurological recovery was obtained in 80% when the closed reduction was performed within 12 hours after the injury and only 40% after 12 hours. 5. Neck pain and/or neurology was improved in all 9 patients with late instability postoperatively. 6. Postoperative complication rate was totally 43.9%, but direct surgical complications were 2 cases(4.9%) out of 18 cases.
Decompression ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc ; Ligaments ; Longitudinal Ligaments ; Neck Pain ; Neurology ; Orthopedics ; Postoperative Complications ; Rupture ; Seoul ; Spine ; Surgeons