Submucosal infiltration and the topical application of epinephrine as a vasoconstrictor produce excellent hemostasis during surgery. The hemodynamic effects of epinephrine have been documented in numerous studies. However, its metabolic effects (especially during surgery) have been seldom recognized clinically. We report two cases of significant metabolic effects (including lactic acidosis and hyperglycemia) as well as hemodynamic effects in healthy patients undergoing orthognathic surgery with general anesthesia. Epinephrine can induce glycolysis and pyruvate generation, which result in lactic acidosis, via β2-adrenergic receptors. Therefore, careful perioperative observation for changes in plasma lactate and glucose levels along with intensive monitoring of vital signs should be carried out when epinephrine is excessively used as a vasoconstrictor during surgery.
Acidosis, Lactic* ; Administration, Topical ; Anesthesia, General ; Anesthesia, Local ; Epinephrine ; Glucose ; Glycolysis ; Hemodynamics ; Hemostasis ; Humans ; Lactic Acid ; Orthognathic Surgery* ; Plasma ; Pyruvic Acid ; Vital Signs

BACKGROUND: The late results of repair of tetralogy of Fallot(TOF) are favorable in most patients. Some portion of the patients with tetralogy, however, require reoperation for residual lesions or result in late death. The outcome of patients after tetralogy repair performed during the past 13 years was studied, with an emphasis on postrepair survival and problems including reoperations. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective review of clinical, echocardiographic and catheterization data was performed in 569 of 775 patients with TOF who underwent corrective repair between 1983 and 1995 at Sejong General Hospital, Buchon, Korea. RESULT: Of 28(4.9%) early deaths(defined as 30 days postrepair), 12 deaths(42.9%) were <1 year of age, with an operative mortality of 15.4%. The surviving 541 patients(age 2.8 months to 43.4 years, median 23 months) have been followed up from 1 month to 12.6 years(median 35 months) postoperatively. Most patients were in good functional class and had normal right ventricular(RV) function. Postrepair results were compared between the transatrial-transpulmonary approach and the conventional right ventriculotomy. The former technique provided a lesser incidence of significant pulmonary regurgitation(p<0.001) and alesser degree of RV dysfunction(p<0.05) compared with those in the latter. There were 10(1.8%) late deaths during the follow-up period and 6 of the deaths were directly related to reoperation or ventricular dysfunction. The 10-year actuarial survival rate was 96.7%. There were 44 reoperations(8.1%) in 39 patients(7.2%), with an operative mortality of 10.3%. The main indications or reoperation included residual ventricular septal defect(VSD) (n=6), pulmonary stenosis(PS) (n=11), VSD with PS(n=17), pulmonary regurgitation(n=7), and tricuspid regurgitation(n=2). The 5- and 10-year freedom from reoperation were 89.4% and 76.1%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Although the majority of patients with repaired TOF are clinically well, with a high rate of survival, approximately 7% of patients have residual lesions that require surgical therapy. Therefore, the timely and meticulous corrective repair is mandatory to avoid reoperation, and continued close surveillance is also needed for the early detection of residual problems.
Catheterization ; Catheters ; Echocardiography ; Follow-Up Studies ; Freedom ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Mortality ; Reoperation ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Tetralogy of Fallot* ; Ventricular Dysfunction

BACKGROUND: Famciclovir and valacyclovir are antiviral agents commonly used to treat herpes zoster. These medications not only reduce the time to complete cessation of zoster-associated pain, but also aid in the healing of the herpes zoster skin lesions. However, only few studies have compared these antiviral agents. OBJECTIVE: We conducted a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the extent of pain relief and wound healing, and the rate of postherpetic neuralgia associated with these drugs during 4 weeks of treatment. METHODS: The study included 69 immunocompetent adult inpatients diagnosed with herpes zoster randomly divided into 2 groups based on the antiviral agent administered. Patient age, date of visit from rash onset, and rash severity at baseline were recorded. Famciclovir or valacyclovir were administered orally for 7 days. Patients reported pain levels through a visual analog scale (VAS) score, and pain durations were assessed on days 1, 3, and 7, and at weeks 2, 3, and 4. Crust formation and reepithelialization times of skin lesions were also recorded. RESULTS: VAS scores, pain durations, ratios of patients undergoing postherpetic neuralgia, and skin lesion healing rates did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. However, rash severity independently correlated with the extent of pain experienced. CONCLUSION: Famciclovir and valacyclovir are comparable to each other in resolving zoster-associated pain, postherpetic neuralgia, and zoster wound healing. Early antiviral treatment before expansion of the skin lesion would be helpful for rapid relief of herpes zoster pain.
Adult* ; Antiviral Agents ; Exanthema ; Herpes Zoster* ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Neuralgia, Postherpetic ; Skin ; Visual Analog Scale ; Wound Healing

Growth factors are polypeptide molecules that regulate cell growth and function by binding with high affinity to specific receptor molecules in the plasma membrane and stimulating receptor mediated action of intracellular signal transduction pathway.Epidermal growth factor(EGF) and their receptors(EGFR) regulate normal cellular growth, proliferation, and differentiation of various cells in vivo and in tissue cultures. And also may contribute directly to oncogenesis.Overexpression of EGFR and autocrine stimulation of growth involving this receptor system has been identified in several types of human neoplasia. There is evidence that the EGF and receptor system is involved in the regulation of follicular cell growth in the thyroid gland especially with immunohistochemical technic. But there was a challenge about the validity of previously performed immunohistochemical studies.In the study we investigated the relationship between EGFR mRNA expression and tumorigenesis by rapid in situ hybridization method. Formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissue sections of 10 normal, 17 nodular hyperplasia, 6 follicular adenoma, and 15 papillary cancer were examined. The results were as follows:1) EGFR mRNA positivity were 20%(2/10) in normal thyroid, 70%(12/17) in nodular hyperplasia, and 100% in follicular adenoma and papillary cancer.2) There was a significantly increased EGFR mRNA expression in papillary cancer compare to normal and nodular hyperplasia(p<0.05). But no difference was found with papillary cancer and follicular adenoma.3) There was a significantly increased EGFR mRNA expression in follicular adenoma compare to normal (p<0.05). But no difference was found with follicular adenoma and nodular hyperplasia. These results suggest that an overexpression of EGFR mRNA may play an important role in the tumorigenesis of thyroid tissue.
Adenoma ; Carcinogenesis ; Cell Membrane ; Epidermal Growth Factor ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; In Situ Hybridization ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Methods ; Paraffin ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor ; RNA, Messenger ; Signal Transduction ; Thyroid Gland

OBJECTIVES: The usage of fluoride varnish for a moderate to low caries-risk group has not been well validated. This study aimed to evaluate the preventive and therapeutic efficacies of fluoride varnish on the initiated root caries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten premolars were sectioned into quarters, further divided into two windows, one of which was painted with Fluor Protector (1,000 ppm fluoride, Ivoclar Vivadent). An initial lesion with a well-preserved surface layer was produced by pH cycling. Scanned line analysis using energy dispersive spectrometry determined the weight percentages of Ca and P in the demineralized layer. Scanning Electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) evaluated the varnish-applied root surfaces. RESULTS: The mean lesion depth (SD) was 12.3 (2.6) microm (single cycling) and 19.6 (3.8) microm (double cycling). Double cycling extended the lesion depth, but induced no more mineral loss than single cycling (p < 0.05). The mean weight percentages of Ca and P between groups with and without varnish were not significantly different (p < 0.05). A CLSM showed varnish remained within 15 microm of the surface layer. CONCLUSIONS: When a mild acid challenge initiated root tissue demineralization, the application of low-concentration fluoride varnish did not influence the lesion depth or the mineral composition of the subsurface lesion.
Bicuspid ; Drug Combinations ; Fluorides ; Fluorides, Topical ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Paint ; Polyurethanes ; Root Caries ; Silanes ; Spectrum Analysis ; Waxes

Squamous cell carcinoma commonly originates from recalcitrant wound sites, including burn scars, pressure sores, stasis ulcers, osteomyelitis, and sites of frostbite. A 62-year-old male was referred to the dermatology department for skin necrosis of his right great toe and walking difficulty. He had a history of smoking, drinking alcohol, and frostbite of his right great toe 9 years prior, which deteriorated into osteomyelitis due to poor care. Although a skin biopsy was recommended before amputation, the two procedures were performed simultaneously due to a lack of toe function due to severe osteolysis. Biopsy of the amputated toe tip showed many lobules consisting of atypical keratinocytes with hyperchromatic nuclei, and severe dermal pleomorphism. After evaluation for distant metastasis, including a (99m) Tc-MDP bone scan, 18F-FDG positron emission tomography scan, computed tomography, and ultrasound, no metastasis was detected.
Amputation ; Biopsy ; Burns ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell* ; Cicatrix ; Dermatology ; Drinking ; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 ; Frostbite ; Humans ; Keratinocytes ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Necrosis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Osteolysis ; Osteomyelitis* ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Pressure Ulcer ; Skin ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Toes ; Ultrasonography ; Varicose Ulcer ; Walking ; Wounds and Injuries

BACKGROUND: Acute pain and postherpetic neuralgia often interfere with life quality severely. Light emitting diode (LED) has been proposed as one of the effective therapeutic tools for pain reduction. However, little has been published in the Korean medical literature about the effect of LED on acute pain and the inhibitory effects of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) in patients with herpes zoster. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of LED on acute pain and the inhibitory effects of PHN in patients with herpes zoster. METHODS: Sixty patients who were hospitalized for herpes zoster were evaluated according to their age, sex, associated disease, nature of pain, interval between diagnosis, therapy, and PHN. The patients were randomly placed into either a LED group treated with I.V acyclovir, analgesics and LED or a control group treated with I.V acyclovir and analgesics alone. The severity of pain was evaluated by patients themselves using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and a verbal rating scale (VRS) at one week intervals. The occurrence of PHN was assessed at 4 weeks after the initial development of the characteristic skin lesion of herpes zoster. RESULTS: The average days required for pain relief was significantly shorter in the LED group than the control group. The average weeks needed to reduce pain from 100 to 50 in the VAS, implicating relief of acute pain, were 1.4 weeks in the LED group and 1.8 weeks in the control group (p<0.05). The total number of patients reported to have experienced a drop in the amount of pain from 100 to 50 within a week was greater in the LED group (20 patients) than the control group (10 patients) (p<0.05). However, there was no difference in the onset of PHN between the two groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: LED is an effective method which can be used to relieve acute herpes zoster pain quickly; however, LED cannot reduce the onset of PHN effectively.
Acute Pain* ; Acyclovir ; Analgesics ; Diagnosis ; Herpes Zoster* ; Humans ; Methods ; Neuralgia, Postherpetic* ; Quality of Life ; Skin

Multiple trichoepithelioma is a benign adnexal neoplasm characterized by the presence of many small papules that appear predominantly on the face. Clinical improvement have been demonstrated after several treatments such as carbon dioxide laser, cryotherapy, dermabrasion, and argon laser. However, these destructive methods have various disadvantages. We report a case of multiple trichoepithelioma treated with an intralesional bleomycin injection. Fewer lesions without scars and cosmetic improvements were observed. Bleomycin is a cytotoxic antitumor antibiotic that can be injected intralesionally by transcutaneous administration and displays excellent results for treating malignancies including skin tumors. We believe that intralesional bleomycin injection is an effective treatment option for this condition, and an easy method to conduct at the outpatient clinic.
Administration, Cutaneous ; Ambulatory Care Facilities ; Argon ; Bleomycin ; Cicatrix ; Cosmetics ; Cryotherapy ; Dermabrasion ; Lasers, Gas ; Skin

PURPOSE: The early detection of breast cancer by screening mammography is important to reduce breast cancer mortality rate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of breast cancer patients detected by screening mammography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Surgically treated 1,265 patients at Asan Medical Center from Jul. 1989 to Dec. 1997 were evaluated. Among them, 119 patients (9.4%) were detected by screening mammography. These patients were compared with clinically detected symptomatic breast cancer group. RESULTS: The characteristics of breast cancer patients detected by screening mammography were as follows: The most common finding of mammography was microcalcifications (62.2%); The less invasive or more conservative minimal and non-destructive surgical treatments such as breast conserving surgery (21.0%), simple mastectomy (8.4%), breast reconstruction (8.4%) were performed more frequently; The median tumor size of invasive cancers was 16 mm; Node-negative cancers (83.2%) were more frequent; The early breast cancer of stage 0 and I was 70.6%; DCIS (29.4%) was highly proportionated; and The 5-year overall (95.8%) and 5-year disease-free survival rate (92.0%) were significantly higher than in clinically detected symptomatic breast cancer patients. CONCLUSION: The screening mammography was significant for detecting non-palpable, early stage breast cancer. Ultrasonography was needed as an adjunct for the accurate detection in dense breast or young women. According to early detection, the 5-year survival rate was high.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Disease-Free Survival ; Female ; Humans ; Mammaplasty ; Mammography* ; Mass Screening* ; Mastectomy, Segmental ; Mastectomy, Simple ; Mortality ; Survival Rate ; Ultrasonography

Dermatomyositis is a systemic inflammatory disease affecting the skin, skeletal muscle, and occasionally, other organs, such as the lung. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a serious lung complication, which can occur in patients with dermatomyositis. It affects the prognosis of the disease and requires a more aggressive therapeutic approach. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) may be associated with systemic inflammatory disorders and autoantibody production. In particular, anti Jo-1 antibody has long been recognized as an important predictive factor in systemic manifestations of ILD in dermatomyositis. We report here a case of a 42 year old woman with cutaneous lesions typical of dermatomyositis, showing clinical features of antisynthetase syndrome, which showed rapid progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Antibodies, Antinuclear ; Dermatomyositis ; Female ; Humans ; Lung ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Myositis ; Prognosis ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult ; Skin