Choriocarcinoma is one of the malignant tumors of trophoblastic cells characterized by the secretion of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) (1-3). Cutaneous metastasis is a rare presentation of choriocarcinoma but a poor prognostic sign because it is associated only with widespread disease (3-5). A 52-yr-old female complaining of dyspnea for 2 months, presented with fingertip sized erythematous nodules on the left side of the neck and the right side of the upper back of 1 month duraton. She has suffered from Behcet's disease since 1999. Microscopic examination of a nodule of upper back demonstrated biphasic pattern of cytotrophoblasts and hCG-positive syncytiotrophoblasts, and the typical histologic features of choriocarcinoma. She was referred to the gynecological oncology department. After 17 cycles of combination chemotherapy, the serum hCG level has fallen from 700,000 to under 2.0 mIU/mL and the skin lesions have almost disappeared. However, after 3 months, total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were performed due to elevated serum hCG level (4,447.7 mIU/mL), and she is scheduled to receive post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy.
Choriocarcinoma/blood/*pathology ; Chorionic Gonadotropin/blood ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Pregnancy ; Skin Neoplasms/*secondary ; Uterine Neoplasms/blood/*pathology

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was conducted to evaluate the clinical results of proximal tibial plateau fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation through the lateral submeniscal approach and allowed early motion of the knee and to evaluate the effectiveness of the approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 1998 to December 2002, fifty four patients who underwent open reduction through the lateral submeniscal approach for proximal tibia plateau fracture and had a follow-up more than one year were included in this study. Clinical results were evaluated by postoperative radiographs taken at the last follow-up and Porter's assessment method. RESULTS: Anatomical reduction was achieved under direct vision through the submeniscal approach in most of the cases in this study. The postoperative radiographs showed anatomical reduction in 32 cases (59%) and adequate reduction with displacement within 2 mm in 20 cases (37%). The clinical evaluation by Porter's assessment method revealed that 49 cases (91%) were acceptable results of excellent or good at the final follow-up CONCLUSION: This study indicates that open reduction and internal fixation through the lateral submeniscal approach can be a good option for proximal tibia plateau fractures because it allows accurate reduction of the articular fractures, which is confirmed directly during operation, identification and repair of associated soft tissue injuries are facilitated, sufficient bone graft and stable fixation of the articular fragments under direct vision allow early motion of the knee.
Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Knee ; Soft Tissue Injuries ; Tibia ; Transplants

Abdominal pregnancies are classified as primary and secondary. The incidence varies from one in 372 to one in 9714 live birth. When this occurs, perinatal morbidity and mort-ality are high, usually as a result of growth restriction and congenital anomalies such as fetal pulmonary hypoplasia, pressure deformities, facial and limb asymmetry. Omental pregnancy is an extremely rare form of abdominal pregnancy that may cause life-threatening massive hemorrhage in case of rupture. A case of this rare entity is prese- nted after dilatation and curettage in which gestational tissue was found to arise from the edge of greater omentum, requiring partial omentectomy. The diagnosis of omental pregnancy is hardly ever made prior to laparotomy. This case of omental pregnancy, believed to be secondary, was recently experienced and it is reported here with a brief review of the literature.
Congenital Abnormalities ; Diagnosis ; Dilatation and Curettage* ; Dilatation* ; Extremities ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; Incidence ; Laparotomy ; Live Birth ; Omentum ; Pregnancy* ; Pregnancy, Abdominal ; Rupture

PURPOSE: evaluate the effectiveness of minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) in unstable fractures of the distal tibia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From March 2001 to December 2003, 21 cases with unstable fractures of the distal tibia were treated with MIPO technique and followed for at least one year. Eighteen cases were extra-articular and three cases were intra-articular fractures. According to AO classification, six cases were 42-A, four 42-B, one 42-C, seven 43-A, and three 43-C. There was only one case of Gustilo-Anderson type II open fracture. We reviewed the results of fracture healing, axial and rotational deformity, ankle motion, and complications RESULTS: All fractures were healed in an average of 16.1 weeks (range, 11 to 24 weeks). There was only one case of 7-degree posterior angular deformity, but no cases of rotational malalignment. Recovery of ankle motion was satisfactory in all patients within 5-degree loss of motion. Subcutaneous abscess was developed in one case after fracture healing and cured by a drainage with implant removal. CONCLUSION: Although MIPO technique is technically more demanding than the traditional open technique, MIPO technique is an effective method for unstable fractures of the distal tibia because it minimizes incidence of soft-tissue compromise and infection and provides good fracture healing.
Abscess ; Ankle ; Classification ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Drainage ; Fracture Healing ; Fractures, Open ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intra-Articular Fractures ; Tibia*

PURPOSE: The combination of dexamethasone and granisetron provides effective prophylaxis in patients treated with high-dose cisplatin. We performed this study to evaluate the antiemetic effect of granisetron plus dexamethasone for the patients refractory to metoclo- pramide, dexamethasone, lorazepam (MDL) regimen. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1996 to 1998, we administered the MDL regimen in patients who received high-dose cisplatin (more than 60 mg/m/day) for the first time. The granisetron plus dexamethasone were administered in the subsequent cycle for the patients refractory to the MDL regimen during the first or the second cycle of chemotherapy. Efficacies of treatment were assessed daily from days 1 to 5. Complete response was defined as the absence of vomiting episodes and major response as 1 or 2 episodes per day. Complete or major responses were considered effective. RESULTS: Twenty patients received granisetron plus dexamethasone therapy. During the first 24 hours, complete and major responses were achieved in 75% and 15% respectively, thus it was effective in 90% of patients. For delayed vomiting (occurring during days 2 through 5), complete and major responses were achieved in 30% and 50% respectively, thus it was effective in 80%. Side effects included hiccups, headache, diarrhea, sedation, dizziness and insomnia, but discontinuation or dose adjustment was not needed. CONCLUSION: The granisetron plus dexamethasone regimen was an effective antiemetic regimen for the patients refractory to the MDL regimen.
Antiemetics* ; Cisplatin ; Dexamethasone* ; Diarrhea ; Dizziness ; Drug Therapy ; Granisetron* ; Headache ; Hiccup ; Humans ; Lorazepam* ; Metoclopramide* ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Vomiting

BACKGROUND: Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) effectively restores plasma volume and thereby enhances microcirculation and tissue oxygenation at the expense of coagulation impairment. These effects are related to molecular weight, substitution and C2:C6 ratio. But, most of the studies regarding coagulation impairment in cardiac surgeries were performed in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass which significantly causes coagulation derangements. Therefore, we have evaluated the effects of 2 different HES solutions on tissue oxygenation and postoperative bleeding in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCAB). METHODS: Forty four patients were prospectively enrolled. After the induction of anesthesia, either HES 130/0.4 (V group) or 200/0.5 (H group) were infused for fluid therapy to maintain predetermined urine output, cardiac index and filling pressure up to 16 h after the surgery. Tissue oxygenation profiles and respiratory parameters were recorded after induction of anesthesia, completion of distal anastomosis and sternum closure, upon admission at intensive care unit, and 4 h thereafter. The amounts of chest tube drainage, transfusion and fluid balance were measured up to 16 h after the surgery. RESULTS: Patients' demographic data were similar between the groups. Tissue oxygenation profiles, respiratory parameters, hemodynamics, and time to extubate were not different between the groups. However, chest tube drainage and transfusion requirements were significantly less in the V group. CONCLUSIONS: In OPCAB, 6% HES 130/0.4 causes less postoperative bleeding and transfusion requirement and has a comparable efficacy on hemodynamic stability, pulmonary function and tissue oxygenation when compared to 6% HES 200/0.5.
Anesthesia ; Cardiac Output ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; Chest Tubes ; Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump* ; Drainage ; Fluid Therapy ; Hemodynamics ; Hemorrhage* ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Microcirculation ; Molecular Weight ; Oxygen* ; Plasma Volume ; Prospective Studies ; Starch* ; Sternum ; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Background/aims: The appropriate number of band ligations during the first endoscopic session for acute variceal bleeding is debatable. We aimed to compare the technical aspects of endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) in patients with variceal bleeding according to the number of bands placed per session. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed multicenter data from patients who underwent EVL for acute variceal bleeding. Patients were classified into minimal EVL (targeting only the foci with active bleeding or stigmata of recent bleeding) and maximal EVL (targeting potential bleeding sources in addition to the aforementioned targets) groups. The primary endpoint was 5-day treatment failure. The secondary endpoints were 30-day rebleeding, 30-day mortality, and intraprocedural adverse events. Results: Minimal EVL was associated with lower rates of hypoxia and shock during EVL than maximal EVL (hypoxia, 0.9% vs 2.9%; shock, 1.3% vs 3.4%). However, treatment failure was higher in the minimal EVL group than in the maximal EVL group (odds ratio, 1.60; 95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 2.41). Age ≥60 years, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score ≥15, Child-Turcotte-Pugh classification C, presence of hepatocellular carcinoma, and systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg at initial presentation were also associated with treatment failure. In contrast, 30-day rebleeding and 30-day mortality did not differ between the minimal and maximal EVL groups. Conclusions Given that minimal EVL was associated with a high risk of treatment failure, maximal EVL may be a better option for variceal bleeding. However, the minimal EVL strategy should be considered in select patients because it does not affect 30-day rebleeding and mortality.

Purpose: This multiinstitutional study was to investigate the accuracy of the Kattan nomograms for the prediction of recurrence after definitive surgery for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in Korean patients and develop a nomogram revised to complement the shortcomings. Materials and Methods: Clinical and pathological data of 1,866 patients with RCC who had been followed for at least 2 years after surgery in each participating institutes were reviewed as well as evidence of disease recurrence, defined to include local recurrence and distant metastasis. Accuracy of the Kattan nomograms' predictability in tumors 7cm or less was tested by calculating the area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve (AUC) and actuarial recurrence-free survival by Kaplan- Meier method. We used the Cox proportional hazard analysis to identify significant variables and develop prediction nomogram, and internally validated by bootstrapping method. Mean follow-up was 56.5 months (24-184). Results: Recurrence occurred in 12.5% of the patients and correlated with the pathological stage, with 4.3%, 7.9%, 15.0%, 22.6%, 38.4%, 58.3% for stages T1a, T1b, T2, T3a, T3b/c and T4, respectively (p<0.001). The AUC of the Kattan nomograms was 0.276. Factors significantly predictive of recurrence were T stage (p<0.0001), presentation (p=0.006), preoperative hemoglobin (p=0.023) and gender (p=0.032). Actuarial 60-month recurrence- free survival was 87.9% and using the prognostic factors, nomogram predicting 60-month recurrence-free survival was constructed. Conclusions: Korean nomogram complementing the preexisting nomograms for the prediction of recurrence-free survival after definitive surgery for RCC has been constructed, which may be useful in patient prognostication, counseling and follow-up planning.
Academies and Institutes ; Area Under Curve ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell* ; Complement System Proteins ; Counseling ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Kidney Neoplasms ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Nomograms* ; Recurrence

Colorectal varix (CRV) is a rare cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding and usually associated with portal hypertension from liver cirrhosis or portal venous obstruction. Idiopathic CRV have no identifiable underlying cause and can only be diagnosed after the cause of portal or mesenteric vein circulation have been excluded. We report a case of idioipathic CRV presented with rectal bleeding for a week. Colonoscopy revealed markedly dilatated tortuous, and bluish veins in the rectum as well as coexistent adenomatous polyp and internal hemorrhoid. Despite extensive investigation, there was no evidence of portal hypertension or any other cause. Family history was also negative. Although blood transfusions were required, the patient remained asymptomatic without further rectal bleeding.
Adenomatous Polyps ; Blood Transfusion ; Colonoscopy ; Hemorrhage ; Hemorrhoids ; Humans ; Hypertension, Portal ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Mesenteric Veins ; Rectum ; Varicose Veins* ; Veins

BACKGROUND: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is very sensitive to both chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In limited disease of SCLC, the addition of radiation therapy to chemotherapy improves survival and decrease local relapse over chemotherapy alone. This study evaluated the response rate, duration of response, overall survival and toxicity for the combination of etoposide, ifosfamide, carboplatin given concurrently with thoracic irradiation in limited SCLC. METHODS: Twenty eight patients with histologically proven SCLC who have a measurable disease and previously untreated, were enrolled in this study. Each cycle consisted of VP-16 100 mg/m2 IV days 1~3, ifosfamide 1,200 mg/m2 IV days 1~3 with mesna, carboplatin AUC 6 IV day 1. Cycles were repeated every 21days. Patients received a total of median 6,000 cGy thoracic radiation therapy (180~200 cGy/day) starting on the first day of chemotherapy. Prophylactic cranial irradiation was given to complete remission after chemoradiotherapy. RESULTS: The overall response rate in 27 evaluable patients was 93% (41% of complete response, 52% of partial response). The median time to progression was 10.3 months. The median disease free survival was 18.4 months in patients with complete response. The median overall survival was 16.7 months in all evaluable patients. Hematologic toxicities (> or = Grade3) of 129 cycles of chemotherapy were leukopenia in 38% and fever with infection in 26%. Nonhematologic toxicities (> or = Grade2) of evaluable 27 patients included alopecia in 11%, post-irradiation esophagitis in 44% and pneumonitis in 11%. CONCLUSIONS: VIC combination chemotherapy with concurrent thoracic irradiation is effective in limited SCLC. It's maior toxicity is myelosuppression.
Alopecia ; Area Under Curve ; Carboplatin* ; Chemoradiotherapy ; Cranial Irradiation ; Disease-Free Survival ; Drug Therapy ; Drug Therapy, Combination* ; Esophagitis ; Etoposide* ; Fever ; Humans ; Ifosfamide* ; Leukopenia ; Mesna ; Pneumonia ; Recurrence ; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma*