23 patients with a big rag or loss of posterior capsule of lentis received an operation for fixation of artificial lens in the sclera by inserting the artificial lens in the ciliary channel. The node of thread for fixation should be in the inner sclera
Cataract ; Sclera

No abstract available.
Ochronosis ; Sclera

In this report, we want to propose new one-dimensional parameters for eye-image correction through manipulations of lid elevation. The eye ball exposure area could be divided to three subdivisional areas: iris, medial sclera and lateral sclera. Ratios among these subdivisional square measures of eye ball exposure are the most important and effective factors to present for the eye-image. But, for the surgeons, it is not easy to measure this areas. So we came to propose paramedian widths, mid-scleral widths. We suggest several compositions of one-dimensional measures which would represent for eye-image like the ratios of square measures of subdivisional areas. However, there would be no exact rule in this ratios because there have been no exact rule also in the beautiful face, they would be useful rules for eye-image. It is entirely up to every surgeon to decide the rules of these parameters.
Iris ; Sclera

Tissue temperatures were measured by a thermistor-thermometer, at suprachoroid, inner retinal surface and intravitreous portion (1mm deep), during diathermy applications on the scleral surfaces of rabbit eyes. Castroviejo's Electro-surgical Ophthalmic unit Model S-5 was used and power intensity(current) was fixed to 2, and diathermy was applied on the sclera 3mm, 2mm, and 1mm from and above the measuring points. Measurements were performed in the following groups: Group 1: Spark gap power 2. duration of application 2 sec. Group 2: Spark gap power 2. duration of application 3 sec. Group 3: Spark gap power 3. duration of application 2 sec. Group 4: Spark gap power 3. duration of application 3 sec. Maximum rise of temperature was 20.0 degrees C at suprachoroid, 16.8 degrees C at inner retinal surface and 6.6 degrees C at vitreous in Group 4. Temperature rise in vitreous was much lower than that in suprachoroid and inner retinal surface (table II, which revealed percentage of average rise per tissue temperature before diathermy). Highest measuring temperature at inner retinal surface in this experiment was under 60 degrees C, at which vitreous collagen fibrils may coagulate.
Collagen ; Diathermy* ; Retinaldehyde ; Sclera

Delayed reattachment of the muscle to the sclera may be desirable to correct the deviation of eye developed after the surgery. Polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) was placed around the cut end of the muscle as a physical barrier between the free muscle end and the sclera in 16 rabbits in order to prevent the postoperative adhesions. PTFE was effective in delaying the adjustment for up to 4 weeks after surgery in 4 out of 10 eyes. After removal of PTFE, adjustment was possible up to 12 weeks in 24 out of 25 eyes because there was no adhesion between the muscle and PTFE. In conclusion, PTFE may be clinically helpful for delaying the timing of adjustment.
Polytetrafluoroethylene* ; Rabbits ; Sclera ; Strabismus*

PURPOSE: This study aimed to find out whether there are relationships among anatomic characteristics of inferior oblique muscle insertion, corneal diameter, axial length and inferior oblique recession landmark. METHODS: Thirty-one Korean cadaver orbits were dissected to expose the full length of extraocular muscles and sclera, and then we measured the length from the recession landmark of inferior oblique to the lateral edge of insertion of inferior rectus and to the inferior edge of insertion of lateral rectus. RESULTS: The mean of angles between the inferior oblique muscle insertion and lateral rectus direction is 27.9+/-9.0degrees and the range is from 15 degrees to 50 degrees . There is a statistically significant correlation between cord length of 8 mm recession landmark of inferior oblique and angles of inferior oblique insertion with lateral rectus direction. We divided the shapes of inferior oblique insertion into straight and convexed curves. Twelve insertions are straight and thirteen insertions are curved. There is no statistically significant correlation between shape of inferior oblique insertion and cord length from recession landmark. In corneal diameter and axial length, we found correlations with cord length of 8 mm and 10 mm recession landmark of inferior oblique. CONCLUSIONS: We conclud that there are some correlations among anatomic characteristics, axial length and corneal diameter with recession landmark of inferior oblique.
Cadaver ; Muscles ; Orbit ; Sclera

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of transscleral pressure on the thickness and hydration of the human sclera. METHODS: Scleral sections excised from moist-chamber-stored human globes were mounted in a perfusion chamber that can create transscleral pressure. The scleral thickness was measured at 15-minute intervals using ultrasonic pachymetry with pressure changes of 15, 30, and 60 mmHg every 2 hours. The scleral hydration was measured by maintaining a constant pressure (15, 30, and 60 mmHg) for 4 hours, weighing the hydrated tissue, then drying for 24 hours at 120degrees C, and finally weighing the dry tissue. RESULTS: The changes of scleral thickness from the initial control thickness in the 7-mm perfusion chamber (n=6) were -0.38+/-2.11%, 0.26+/-2.99 %, and -3.92+/-3.40% at 15, 30, and 60 mmHg, respectively. In the 10-mm perfusion chamber (n=5), the thickness changes were -0.56+/-1.35%, -1.05+/-1.63%, and -2.71+/-1.60% at 15, 30, and 60 mmHg, respectively. Scleral thickness was slightly decreased with the increase of transscleral pressure. There was a statistically significant decrease in scleral thickness from 30 mmHg to 60 mmHg in the 7-mm perfusion chamber (p<0.05). Changes of the scleral hydration value in the 7-mm perfusion chamber were -0.79+/-1.06% (n=5), 0.66+/-1.40% (n=5), and 0.05+/-1 . 3 0 % (n=5) at 15, 30, and 60 mmHg, respectively. There were no statistically significant changes in the scleral hydration with transscleral pressure change of 0~60 mmHg (p>0.10). CONCLUSIONS: The scleral hydration remained essentially unchanged with the transscleral pressure change of 0 ~ 60 mmHg, whereas the scleral thickness showed a slight decrease with the increase of transscleral pressure. Further histologic studies will be needed to assess the ultrastructural change of human sclera in the future.
Humans* ; Perfusion ; Sclera ; Ultrasonics

The extensibility of the albino rabbit sclera was measured after cryoapplication and diathermy on the equator of sclera and these extensibilities were compared with normal control. For cryoapplication, 95% alcohol and solid carbon dioxide mixture was used and this cryoprobe was applied on the equator of rabbit sclera of right eye for 3 seconds. Castroviejo apparatus was used for diathermy and nonperforating surface diathermy was performed on the equator of rabbit sclera of left eye for one second with current of 30mA. Immediately after cryoapplication and diathermy, the extension rates of sclera were 2.556% and 6.039%, respectively. The extension rates of one week after cryoapplication and diathermy were 3.234 % and 4.127%, respectively. The extension rate of two weeks after diathermy was 3.489%. Normal control was 3.055%.
Carbon Dioxide ; Diathermy* ; Sclera*

Existing light sources for intraocular illumination are often bulky and expensive and pose a risk for the patient, because light guides are inserted in the eye through incisions and if the tip of these light guides get too close to the retina, the retina can be damaged photochemically within minutes or even seconds. Therefore a new, safe and simple device for intraocular illumination is developed and evaluated for its thermal and photochemical risks to the patient. It consists of a white LED which is integrated into a pen like holder. This device is pressed against the sclera by the physician who seeks for illumination during surgery or for diagnostic purposes. The LED light is transmitted through the sclera without the need for an incision. Considering the relevant standards, the device poses no harm to the patient, and in tests with the authors' own eyes a sufficient intraocular illumination is reached. The proposed device is quite simple but easy to handle and very gentle for the patient.
Humans ; Lighting* ; Retina ; Sclera

This report describes the elongation and rupture pattern studied on 42 tissue slices of the fibrous coats (Cornea, Sclera and Limbus) of the fresh rabbit eye. The size of slices was 1.OOO +/- O.667 long by 0.900 +/- 0.667mm. wide. For each slice elongation was measured under the microscope in a magnitude of 30 X. The elongation, micron per each 10 gram load added, was taken as an elongation ratio. The results were as follows: 1. The shapes of elongation curve of all slices showed two different patterns between 1st limit (20~30gm.) and 2nd limit (150-180gm.), that was markedly greater elongation ratio in 1st limit than that in 2nd limit. 2. Elongation curves showed increased magnitude from central portion toward limbus in the cornea and from limbus to posterior pole in sclera. 3. Mean elongation ratio was greater in latitudinal than meridional of all slices. 4. Mean elongation ratio of the macular area was similar to that of the posterior portion of sclera. 5. The range of weight required to make rupturing of each slice was 150~230gm., though the slices were taken in same portion.
Cornea ; Rupture ; Sclera ; Tensile Strength*