No abstract available.
Glutathione Transferase* ; Glutathione* ; Schistosoma japonicum* ; Schistosoma*

Schistosomiasis is still a public health burden in the Philippines. Chronic infection with Schistosoma japonicum, the only species endemic in the Philippines, clinically manifests itself in a wide variety of pathologies usually correlated with the anatomical site of adult worm activity and deposition of eggs. One of the documented ectopic sites for Schistosoma ova is the appendix. A rare sequela of this is acute appendicitis and an even rarer consequence is progression to appendiceal rupture leading to acute peritonitis. We present a case of a 27-year-old Filipino residing in Davao City but born in Agusan Province who initially complained of right lower quadrant abdominal pain but presented at the emergency room with generalized abdominal tenderness with signs of peritoneal irritation. Exploratory laparotomy with an infraumbilical incision revealed ruptured appendicitis with periappendiceal abscess formation and appendectomy was subsequently done. Schistosoma infection of the appendix was subsequently established by histopathological analysis. Furthermore, features observed suggest an atypical pathogenetic process contrary to the putative pathogenesis of most cases of acute appendicitis.
Schistosomiasis ; Schistosoma japonicum

Animals ; Schistosoma japonicum ; Colitis, Ulcerative

There is renewed interest in natural products as a starting point for discovery of drugs for schistosomiasis. Recent studies have shown that phytol reveals interesting in vivo and in vitro antischistosomal properties against Schistosoma mansoni adult worms. Here, we report the in vitro antischistosomal activity of phytol against Schistosoma haematobium juvenile and adult worms and alterations on the tegumental surface of the worms by means of scanning electron microscopy. The assay, which was carried out with 6 concentrations (25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 μg/ml) of phytol, has shown a promising activity in a dose and time-dependent manner. There was a significant decline in the motility of the worms and a mortality rate of 100% was found at 48 hr after they had been exposed to phytol in the concentration of 150 μg/ml. Male worms were more susceptible. On the ultrastructural level, phytol also induced tegumental peeling, disintegration of tubercles and spines in addition to morphological disfiguring of the oral and ventral suckers. This report provides the first evidence that phytol is able to kill S. haematobium of different ages, and emphasizes that it is a promising natural product that could be used for development of a new schistosomicidal agent.
Adult* ; Biological Products ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques* ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Mortality ; Phytol* ; Schistosoma haematobium* ; Schistosoma mansoni ; Schistosoma* ; Schistosomiasis ; Spine

BACKGROUND: Schistosoma haematobium which causes urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS) is highly prevalent in African countries. Urine microscopy (UM) is the first-line diagnostic method of UGS. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a common method for screening many parasite infections primarily or alternatively. The present study established an in-house diagnostic system by ELISA and evaluated its diagnostic efficacy in comparison with UM for screening UGS in White Nile State, Republic of Sudan, 2011–2013. METHODS: A total of 490 participants were screened by UM or ELISA, and 149 by both. The in-house ELISA system was established employing soluble egg antigen of S. haematobium and the cut-off absorbance was set at 0.270. RESULTS: Of the 149 subjects, 58 participants (38.9%) were positive by UM, 119 (79.9%) were positive by ELISA and 82 (55.0%) showed consistently positive or negative results by both methods. The diagnostic sensitivity of ELISA was 94.8% and specificity was 29.7% based on UM results. The ELISA positive serum samples also cross-reacted with egg antigens of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum. CONCLUSION: We have established in-house ELISA for screening serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies by employing soluble egg antigen of S. haematobium for diagnosis of UGS with 94.8% sensitivity and 29.7% specificity. The ELISA system can supplement the conventional diagnosis by UM.
Antibodies ; Diagnosis* ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay* ; Immunoglobulins ; Mass Screening ; Methods ; Microscopy* ; Ovum ; Parasites ; Schistosoma haematobium* ; Schistosoma japonicum ; Schistosoma mansoni ; Schistosoma* ; Schistosomiasis haematobia ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sudan

Background and Objective: Schistosoma japonicum is the causative agent of schistosomiasis in the Philippines. Current diagnostics suffer from low sensitivity and accuracy, hence an accurate and reliable diagnosis of schistosomiasis is essential for its prevention and control. In this study, a PCR-based assay for the detection of Schistosoma japonicumfor patient stool and serum samples was developed. Methodology: Three candidate primer sets targeting mitochondrial genes COX3, NAD4, and NAD5 were assessed. COX3 primer pair was used for the rest of the study for sensitivity, specificity, and performance testing. Lastly, the assay using COX3 primer pair was compared to Kato-Katz and circumoval precipitin test (COPT). Results: COX3 and NAD5 primers showed suitability for the assay as sequencing analyses gave high similarities of 96-98% for S. japonicum, while NAD4 showed no similarity to any organisms. The PCR-assay was shown to have a detection limit of 4 ng/ul DNA and was specific only to S. japonicum. The assay detected seven out of ten S. japonicum-spiked stool samples and ten out of ten S. japonicum-spiked serum samples. Comparative performance testing with Kato-Katz and COPT showed high specificity of 100% for both samples, but low sensitivity for formalin-fixed stool samples and stored serum samples. Conclusion This study developed a sensitive and specific PCR-based assay to detect S. japonicum from human samples. Results suggest that this PCR assay could be useful for the detection of S. japonicum in fresh clinical samples and can be further improved as a reference to improve other diagnostic assays for schistosomiasis.
Schistosoma japonicum ; Schistosomiasis ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

Schistosoma mansoni is highly endemic in Tanzania and affects all age groups at different degrees. However, its control approach does not include adult individuals who are equally at risk and infected. To justify the inclusion of adult individuals in MDA programs in Tanzania, the present study focused on determining the prevalence of S. mansoni infection and its related morbidities among adult individuals. This was a cross sectional study conducted among 412 adult individuals aged 18–89 years living in selected villages of Rorya and Butiama districts located along the shoreline of the Lake Victoria. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and socio-economic information of participants. Ultrasonographic examinations were conducted for all study participants using the Niamey protocol. A single stool sample was obtained from all study participants and examined for S. mansoni using the Kato-Katz technique. The study revealed a high prevalence of S. mansoni (56.3%), and the majority of infected individuals had a light intensity of infection. Ultrasonographic findings revealed that 22.4% of adult individuals had periportal fibrosis (PPF) (grade C–F), with 18.4% having grade C and D and 4% having grade E and F. Males had the highest prevalence of PPF (31.7% vs 10.8%, P < 0.001). Organomegaly was common with 28.5% and 29.6% having splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, respectively. S. mansoni infection and its related morbidities included PPF, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly were common among adult individuals. To reduce the level of transmission of S. mansoni infection, planned mass drug administration campaigns should include adult individuals living in these villages.
Adult* ; Fibrosis ; Hepatomegaly ; Humans ; Lakes ; Male ; Prevalence ; Schistosoma mansoni* ; Schistosoma* ; Schistosomiasis mansoni* ; Splenomegaly ; Tanzania* ; Ultrasonography ; Victoria

Schistosomiasis is prevalent in Nigeria, and the foremost pathogen is Schistosoma haematobium, which affects about 29 million people. Single dose of the drug praziquantel is often recommended for treatment but the efficacy has not been documented in certain regions. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the impact of single dose praziquantel treatment on S. haematobium infection among school children in an endemic community of South-Western Nigeria. Urine samples were collected from 434 school children and 10 ml was filtered through Nucleopore filter paper before examination for egg outputs by microscopy. The prevalence was 24.9% at pre-treatment. There was no statistically significant difference for the prevalence of infection between males (14.7%) and females (10.2%), although the mean egg count for the females (9.87) was significantly more (P < 0.05) than the males (6.06). At 6 and 12 months post-treatment there was 74.4% and 86.4% reduction in the mean egg count, respectively. Interestingly, an increased prevalence of infection from 2.1% at 6 months to 7.7% at 12 months post-treatment was observed, nonetheless the mean egg count was reduced to 0.27 at 12th month from 1.98 at 6 months post-treatment. Resurgence in the prevalence rate between 6 and 12 months post-treatment with praziquantel is herein reported and the need for a follow-up treatment in endemic areas for adequate impact on schistosomiasis control is discussed.
Child ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Microscopy ; Nigeria ; Ovum ; Praziquantel ; Prevalence ; Schistosoma haematobium ; Schistosoma ; Schistosomiasis

There have been some reports on schistosomiasis of school children in Sudan’s Nile River basin area; however, information about the infection status of Schistosoma species and intestinal helminths among village residents of this area is very limited. Urine and stool samples were collected from the 1,138 residents of the Al Hidaib and Khour Ajwal villages of White Nile State, Sudan in 2014. The prevalence of overall schistosomiasis and intestinal helminthiasis was 36.3% and 7.7%, respectively. Egg positive rates were 35.6% for Schistosoma haematobium, 2.6% for S. mansoni, and 1.4% were mixed. The prevalence of schistosomiasis was significantly higher in men (45.6%) than in women (32.0%), in Khou Ajwal villagers (39.4%) than in Al Hidaib villagers (19.2%), and for age groups ≤15 years old (51.5%) than for age groups >15 years old (13.2%). The average number of eggs per 10 ml urine (EP10) of S. haematobium infections was 18.9, with 22.2 eggs in men vs 17.0 in women and 20.4 in Khou Ajwal villagers vs 8.1 in Al Hidaib villagers. In addition to S. mansoni eggs, 4 different species of intestinal helminths were found in the stool, including Hymenolepis nana (6.6%) and H. diminuta (1.0%). Collectively, urinary schistosomiasis is still prevalent among village residents in Sudan’s White Nile River basin and was especially high in men, children ≤15 years, and in the village without a clean water system. H. nana was the most frequently detected intestinal helminths in the 2 villages.
Child ; Eggs ; Female ; Helminthiasis ; Helminths ; Humans ; Hymenolepis nana ; Male ; Ovum ; Prevalence ; Rivers ; Schistosoma ; Schistosoma haematobium ; Schistosoma mansoni ; Schistosomiasis haematobia ; Schistosomiasis ; Sudan ; Water

This experiment shows cellular and humoral immune responses induced by soluble egg antigen of Schistosoma mansoni, that is, change of the number of peripheral blood eosinophil, delayed hypersensitivity measured by the degree of ear swelling, granulomatous change of liver tissue and elevation of serum antibody titer by ELISA. SEA was given continuously by the insertion of a mini-pump into peritoneal cavity of mouse. In control group, same pump with HGG was inserted. New pump was exchanged once in two weeks and followed the result until 9 weeks after mini-pump insertion. Highest peripheral blood eosinophil level was recorded at 2-3 weeks after SEA pump insertion. Maximum ear swelling was observed at 2 weeks and then decreased gradually. In liver tissue, several granulomas without egg were formed at 4 weeks. Serum antibody titer was elevated from 4 weeks after SEA pump insertion.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Schistosoma mansoni ; egg ; immunology ; mouse ; animal