According to existing studies, sedentary behavior contributes to male infertility. Both preclinical and clinical studies have investigated the association between physical exercise, semen quality, and pregnancy rates with heterogeneous results. The current review sought to examine the relationship between physical activity (PA) and male infertility, semen characteristics, and pregnancy rates. Pre-clinical studies demonstrated mixed benefits from exercise, with diet being an important consideration. Some forms of PA showed an improvement in pregnancy rates, while others did not consistently improve semen quality. Data also suggests that more intense exercise and certain types of exercise may impair male fertility. Given the limited number of randomized trials, future research is required to examine the relationship between specific forms of exercise and semen parameters along with reproductive outcomes.

Purpose: Medicinal and recreational cannabis use has grown exponentially, however, its effect on testicular function and spermatogenesis remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between cannabis use and semen parameters in a cohort of Asian-American men with unknown fertility. Materials and Methods: Asian men were recruited to complete an online survey and submit a semen sample. Semen analysis, demographic data, lifestyle factors, and cannabis use habits were collected. Linear and logistic regression analyses were used to determine. Results: Among the 112 men included in this study, 51 used cannabis at least once in their lifetime, 30 men used cannabis at least once in the last 12 months, and 26 men used cannabis at least once in the last 30 days. Adjusted linear regression analyses identified an association between cannabis use in the previous 30 days and worse sperm morphology (β: -0.45, p=0.025) and sperm motility (β: -1.64, p=0.016). However, when stratifying by subfertile semen quality (i.e., WHO criteria), no association was identified between semen quality and cannabis use. Lower sperm morphology and motility are partially associated with recent cannabis use, while all other semen parameters are not. Conclusions We did not observe any consistent associations between cannabis use on any semen parameters in Asian-American men. Further studies within the field are needed to explore racial and ethnic differences in semen quality and lifestyle factors.

Purpose: Normative male genital measurements are clinically useful and temporal changes would have important implications. The aim of the present study is to characterize the trend of worldwide penile length over time. Materials and Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis using papers from PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library from inception to April 2022 was performed. PRISMA guidelines were used for abstracting data and assessing data quality and validity. Pooled means and standard deviations for flaccid, stretched, and erect length were obtained. Subgroup analyses were performed by looking at differences in the region of origin, population type, and the decade of publication. Metaregression analyses were to adjusted for potential confounders. Results: Seventy-five studies published between 1942 and 2021 were evaluated including data from 55,761 men. The pooled mean length estimates were flaccid length: 8.70 cm (95% CI, 8.16–9.23), stretched length: 12.93 cm (95% CI, 12.48–13.39), and erect length: 13.93 cm (95% CI, 13.20–14.65). All measurements showed variation by geographic region. Erect length increased significantly over time (QM=4.49, df=2, p=0.04) in several regions of the world and across all age groups, while no trends were identified in other penile size measurements. After adjusting for geographic region, subject age, and subject population; erect penile length increased 24% over the past 29 years. Conclusions The average erect penis length has increased over the past three decades across the world. Given the significant implications, attention to potential causes should be investigated.