The nationwide survey done by study group of the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan (Grant-in-Aid; 13-20) revealed that the prevalence of CAM use was 44.6% (1382 of 3100) in cancer patients. CAM was used without sufficient information by 57.3% of users with cancer and without a consultation with a doctor by 60.7% of users. Recently, the patient-oriented guidebook for the CAM in cancer treatment was made by another study group of the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan (Grant-in-Aid; 17-14). This paper reports the opinion and request on this guidebook. We also discusses the view towards a future revised edition.

We report a case of adenocarcinoma detected in the right pleural effusion of a 75-year-old woman. Investigations failed to reveal the site of the primary lesion, and the case was treated as primary unknown cancer. The pleural effusion disappeared after chemotherapy; however, as there was serious bone marrow suppression, the clinical course was observed at an outpatient clinic without chemotherapy. A search for the primary lesion was repeated, but it was not found. One year after first admission, a chest X-ray showed left pleural effusion. Adenocarcinoma was detected in the effusion and a tumor mass obtained from the pleural cavity. Ovarian cancer was diagnosed based on the histological, serological and MRI findings. Thus, this was a rare case of ovarian cancer in which the diagnosis was confirmed by repeated evaluation and in which the initial diagnosis had been primary unknown cancer with malignant pleural effusion only.
Ovarian Cancer ; Pleural Effusion, Malignant ; Pleural Effusion ; Unknown ; Beginning

The effects of exercise training on bone development in growing rats were studied using the photon-absorption method and histomorophological analyses. Thirty-seven male Wistar strain rats at 4 wks of age were divided into five groups : sedentary control (C; N=7), 15 min/day training (T 15 ; N=6), 30 min/day training (T 30 ; N=8), 60 min/day training (T 60 ; N=8) and 120 min/day training (T 120 ; N=8) . All rats in these training groups were subjected to a treadmill running at a speed of 30 m/min, 5 days/wk for 11 wks. The results of our study were summarized as follows :
1) Fat-free dry weight of the tibia was significantly heavier in T 30, T 60 and T 120 than C and T 15, respectively.
2) Bone mineral content (mg/cm) of tibial midshaft in all T groups was significantly higher than that in C group, respectively, while no differences were found between any of the training groups.
3) On histological parameters of cross-sectional samples from tibia, such as cortical area, total area and appositional growth rate on periosteum, higher values were observed in T groups compared with C group.
These results suggest that physical training induce markedly facilitative girth growth associated with elevated bone formation of periosteum in the tibia, and moreover, the daily exercise duration does not change the degree of bone hypertrophy.

The effects of running exercise on bone histomorphometric parameters were examined in sham-treated (Sham) and ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The rats were either kept sedentary (C) or trained (T) on a rodent treadmill at 25 m/min, 30 min/day, 5 days/week for 10 weeks. Fat-free dry bone weight, bone mineral content (BMC), and histomorphometric parameters were assessed after excision of the tibiae at sacrifice. The results are summarized as follows
1) There were no significant differences in fat-free dry bone weight and BMC between OVX-C and Sham-C rats. However, BMC/body weight in OVX-C rats was significantly lower than in Sham-C animals. OVX-C rats had significantly lower trabecular bone volume at the proximal tibial metaphysis than Sham-C animals. Values of bone formation parameters were significantly higher in OVX-C rats than in Sham-C animals.
2) BMC/body weight in OVX-T rats was significantly higher than in OVX-C animals. OVX-T rats had a significantly higher trabecular bone volume at the proximal tibial metaphysis than OVX-C animals. There were no significant differences in bone formation parameters between OVX-T and OVX-C rats.
3) No significant differences were found in any parameters between sham-C and Sham-T rats.
These results suggest that (1) running exercise has a suppressive effect on bone loss after OVX, and (2) training-induced reduction of bone loss by OVX does not seam to be associated with facilitation of bone formation but with suppression of bone resorption.

The category “Food with Health Claim” contains “Food with Nutrient Function Claim” and “Food for Specified Health Use (FOSHU)”. The definition of “Food with Nutrient Function Claim” is “food used to supplement nutritional factors such as vitamins and minerals”. Once certain standards have been met, public sale of the item is possible. In concrete terms these requirements specify that the daily intake of the aforementioned nutritional factors must be within a certain range, as well as the display of health claims and warning labels.
At the same time, because FOSHU possess components capable of affecting physiological function, and their application is essentially as specific health foods, each food to be sold as FOSHU requires authorization from the Japanese Ministry of Health. In this article we focus on the various tests required for approval.

Of “foods for specified health use (FOSHU)”, approximately 90 kinds are presently indicated as “appropriate for hypertension”. In this review we describe their safety and effectiveness.

Among “food for specified health use” (FOSHU), approximately 100 are indicated in the treatment of life-style related diseases related to hypercholesterolemia; in the present review we describe the safety and effectiveness of several of these foods.

Among “food for specified health use” (FOSHU) useful in treating life-style related diseases related to arterial sclerosis are those which create a condition in which postprandial serum triglyceride levels fail to rise or are difficult to pass into the body mass. Approximately 70 such FOSHU are recognized as useful in treating hyperlipidemia; in the present review we describe the safety and effectiveness of several of these foods.

Purpose: The learning situation of pharmacy students failing their final exam the previous year (referred to as US) was investigated, and a method of learning support for students with low scholastic abilities was examined.

Method: Questionnaires were completed by students who were unsuccessful in the previous year's final exam a total of three times from April to July 2014, and changes in their academic record were compared with the questionnaire results. Questionnaire contents were: (1)self-learning time, (2)learning support method, (3)weak subject area, (4) progress in the printed material we distributed.

Results: The students with a low academic performance hoped to study by themselves. They felt that physicochemistry and pharmacology were weak subject areas, because high-level understanding was necessary. We realized that the quality of learning was more important than the number of practice problems the students could complete, based on the tests we distributed. In addition, a decline in academic ability was seen in many students at the beginning of the following fiscal year.

Discussion: It is necessary to begin physicochemistry and pharmacology education support when students start their programs for those with a low scholastic ability. Support that incorporates unification-type learning for students unsuccessful in their final exams is also necessary. Furthermore, it is important to design specialized practice problems and individual guidance for students with a low academic performance.