Nutrient drink test is one of the drink test techniques to assess gastric accommodation and to quantify meal-induced symptoms. It uses nutrient-containing solution instead of water and has been proposed as a surrogate method for estimating gastric volumes and validated for assessing satiation, sensation of bothersome symptoms after meal ingestion. Various nutrient-containing solution and drinking rates have been used and there were no widely accepted reference values for nutrient drink test until now. However, tests results are usually reported as the maximum tolerated volume, individual and cumulative symptom scores. The accommodation response, gastric sensation and gastric emptying may influence the maximum tolerated volume of nutrient drink. Although drink test is a useful tool for assessing gastric accommodation and sensation, it remains unclear exactly what physiologic processes are assessed by nutrient drink tests.
Drinking ; Eating ; Gastric Emptying ; Meals ; Reference Values ; Satiation ; Sensation

Using the diet rice bowl, this study examined whether visual cues related to portion size can influence intake volume without altering satiation. 24 subjects ate lunch and subsequent dinner meal in the lab once a week for 2 weeks. Each week at noon , they were served one of two different sizes of a rice (150 g of rice by the diet rice bowl and 210 g of rice by the general rice bowl) but recognized the same volume of which they could eat as much as they wanted of side dishes. Subjects returned to the lab five hours later for a standard dinner, which was consumed ad libitum. Results showed that the subjects who were eating from the diet rice bowl ate less rice (222.4 Kcal vs 306.5 Kcal, p < 0.001) and total energy intake (412.5 Kcal vs 499.2 Kcal, p < 0.001) than those eating from a general rice bowl at lunch. However, despite consuming 21% less energy intake at lunch, the rates of satiety were not significantly different after eating from the diet rice bowl and from the general diet bowl. And there were no significant difference in rice intake and energy intake at dinner between the diet rice bowl and the general rice bowl. These results suggest decreasing the portion size by the diet rice bowl with biased visual cues leads to decreased rice intake and energy intake without altering the satiation. This is, the decreased amount of rice in a diet rice bowl may implicitly suggest what might be construed as an appropriate amount to consume and eventually it suggests smaller consumption norms.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Cues ; Diet* ; Eating ; Energy Intake ; Lunch ; Meals ; Portion Size* ; Satiation

Functional dyspepsia is a disease, in which there is no organic lesion but chronic and repetitive postprandial fullness, early satiation, epigastric pain, and epigastric burning. Functional dyspepsia is not life-threatening but its symptoms are relapsing and remitting and persist over a lifetime, limiting the social life and reducing the quality of life. Therefore, the treatment for acute relapsing period may help improve the short-term symptoms. Continuous medication may be needed to improve the long-term symptoms. Research designs to demonstrate the short-term efficacy of therapeutic agents may differ from clinical trials to demonstrate long-term efficacy. There are many difficulties in clinical trial design, implementation, and screening because there are no international standards of clinical trials for functional dyspepsia. The purpose of this guideline recommendation is to develop a standard for clinical trials, such as clinical trial subjects and evaluation methods, in the development of therapeutic agents for functional dyspepsia. The ultimate aim is to enhance the safety and efficacy of therapeutic agents for functional dyspepsia and promote the development of new therapeutic agents.
Burns ; Dyspepsia* ; Endpoint Determination ; Gastrointestinal Diseases ; Mass Screening ; Quality of Life ; Research Design ; Satiation

I determined whether water consumption reduces energy intake and affects satiety in non-obese young adults. The final subjects consisted of 15 individuals (8 women and 7 men) with average ages of 26.4 and 23.5 years for women and men, respectively. When subjects drank water before eating a test meal, they ate a lower amount of the test meal compared to eating test meals under waterless and postload water conditions (preload water: 123.3 g vs. waterless: 161.7 g or postload water: 163.3 g, p < 0.05). Water consumption after eating a test meal did not affect energy intake. When the subjects drank water before eating a test meal, despite consuming a lower amount, the subjects did not feel significantly less satiety than eating meals under waterless or postload water conditions. The finding that pre-meal water consumption led to a significant reduction in meal energy intake in young adults suggests that pre-meal water consumption may be an effective weight control strategy, although the mechanism of action is unknown.
Drinking* ; Eating ; Energy Intake* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Meals ; Obesity ; Satiation ; Water* ; Young Adult*

Weight loss is physiologically beneficial in treating type 2 diabetes. Losing weight occurs when the body has a negative energy balance. However, many people have trouble in restricting their caloric intake. Strategies such as changing portion sizes, energy density and meal frequency can be useful for weight loss. Further research is needed on controlling food intake in the obese/overweight because of the complexity of eating behaviors.
Appetite ; Eating ; Energy Intake* ; Feeding Behavior ; Meals ; Portion Size ; Satiation ; Weight Loss

Understanding the relationship between energy nutrients compositions in a diet and appetite-controlling substances is essential for providing sound advice to anyone attempting to control body weight. Appetite is known to be affected by various hormones, ghrelin and peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), which are related to the compositions of a diet. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of compositions of energy nutrients in the diet on the levels of postprandial appetite-related hormones and satiety in healthy adult women. Ten subjects (BMI: 18.5-22.9 kg/m2) were recruited and assigned to three iso-coloric breakfast meals with different compositions of energy nutrients, regular meal (RM, CHO: 60%, Pro: 20%, Fat: 20%), high protein meal (HPM, CHO: 30%, Pro: 50%, Fat: 20%), and high fat meal (HFM, CHO: 30%, Pro: 20%, Fat: 50%). Blood levels of ghrelin, PYY, insulin and leptin and satiety were assessed at baseline, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min following the consumption of each meal. There was no significant difference in the fasting blood hormones among the subjects taking each meals at baseline. Blood levels of ghrelin and insulin changed significantly following the consumption of each meal (p<0.05) over time, however no significant difference was shown between experimental meals until 180 min. Blood levels of PYY and leptin were not changed following the ingestion of each meals. In conclusion, the composition of energy nutrients in a diet had no effect on the postprandial plasma levels of ghrelin, PYY, insulin and leptin as well as satiety in healthy adult women.
Adult ; Appetite ; Body Weight ; Breakfast ; Diet ; Eating ; Fasting ; Female* ; Ghrelin ; Humans ; Insulin ; Leptin ; Meals ; Peptide YY ; Plasma ; Satiation

Obesity can be defined as a state of excess body fat or body energy stores in excess of physiological needs. The prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically throughout the world. Despite the greater understanding of the physiologic mechanisms regulating body weight and energy balance, the causes of human obesity poorly understood. Much of human obesity is multifactorial and usually involves relative over-consumption of food. And, consumption of high-fat diets is implicated in the etiology of obesity. Fat-derived energy intake has increased in Korea. Changes in gastric motor and sensory functions can be associated with development of obesity. A High-fat diet may facilitate adaptive changes that contribute to the development of obesity through reduced postprandial satiation in persons with a high baseline maximum tolerated volume. A high fat intake may influences the central control of appetite and behavioral choices in food intake. Further well-controlled large studies with a longer preload duration in Koreans to elucidate the presence and extent of gastrointestinal sensory, motor, absorptive, and behavioral adaptations to diets enriched with specific macronutrients.
Adipose Tissue ; Appetite ; Body Weight ; Diet ; Diet, High-Fat ; Eating ; Energy Intake ; Humans ; Korea ; Obesity ; Prevalence ; Satiation ; Sensation ; Stomach

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Somatization may influence persistence and severity of symptoms in gastrointestinal diseases. Some studies suggest that somatization is associated with chronic uninvestigated dyspepsia (CUD); however, the association is unclear. We aimed to determine the association between the profiles of somatic complaints with CUD and its symptoms. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study conducted on 4763 Iranian adults, somatic complaints were assessed using a comprehensive 31-items questionnaire. Patients with CUD were identified by the Rome III diagnostic criteria. Profiles of somatic complaints were derived from factor analysis. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between extracted profiles with CUD and its symptoms. RESULTS: CUD, bothersome postprandial fullness, early satiation, and epigastric pain or burning was identified in 723 (15.2%), 384 (8.1%), 302 (6.3%), and 371 (7.8%) of the study population. The frequency of all 31 somatic complaints was significantly higher in patients with CUD compared with controls (P < 0.001), and the most frequent was severe fatigue (45.1%). The profiles of somatic complaints were extracted in 4 domains, including “psychological”, “gastrointestinal”, “neuro-skeletal”, and “pharyngeal-respiratory”. The psychological (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.44–1.54), gastrointestinal (OR, 2.22; 95% CI, 2.09–2.37), neuro-skeletal (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.44–1.59), and pharyngeal-respiratory (OR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.94–2.25) profiles were significantly associated with greater odds of CUD. CONCLUSIONS: CUD and its symptoms are strongly associated with higher levels of somatic complaints and their related extracted profiles. This perhaps explains that why it can be difficult to treat, however further prospective investigations are required to confirm these associations.
Adult ; Burns ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dyspepsia* ; Fatigue ; Gastrointestinal Diseases ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Mental Disorders ; Prospective Studies ; Psychophysiologic Disorders ; Satiation

The Rome criteria were amended as Rome IV. For functional esophageal disorders, the exclusion criteria have been more specifically revised based on further understanding of other esophageal disorders, including eosinophilic esophagitis and spastic and hypercontractile motor disorders. Another revised point is the more restrictive definition of gastroesophageal reflux disease, indicating that sensitivity to a physiological reflux burden may be placed more firmly within the functional group. For functional dyspepsia (FD), only minor changes were introduced, mainly to improve specificity. Among the major symptoms of FD, not only postprandial fullness, but also epigastric pain, epigastric burning, and early satiation should be “bothersome.” Investigation on the effect of meal ingestion on symptom generation has indicated that not only postprandial fullness and early satiety, but also epigastric pain, epigastric burning sensation and nausea (not vomiting) may increase after meals. Helicobacter pylori infection is considered a possible cause of dyspepsia if successful eradication leads to sustained resolution of symptoms for more than 6 months, and such status can be termed as “H. pylori–associated dyspepsia.” Prompt esophagogastroduodenoscopy and H. pylori testing and treatment would be more beneficial, especially in Asia, which has a high prevalence of gastric cancer. Acotiamide, tandospirone, and rikkunshito are the newly listed as treatment options for FD. For further therapeutic development, clinical studies based on the strict Rome IV criteria should be performed.
Asia* ; Burns ; Dyspepsia ; Eating ; Endoscopy, Digestive System ; Eosinophilic Esophagitis ; Eructation ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; Heartburn ; Helicobacter pylori ; Meals ; Motor Disorders ; Muscle Spasticity ; Nausea ; Prevalence ; Satiation ; Sensation ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Stomach Neoplasms

Functional dyspepsia is one of the most common bowel disorders as prevalent of 7.7% Korean population. The cardinal manifestations include bothersome postprandial fullness, early satiation, epigastric burning or pain. These features are chronic and should be presented recurrently with no other compatible organic disease to explain the symptoms. Even though it is not life-shortening, functional dyspepsia usually make the health-related quality of life worse especially if other functional bowel disorder coexist. The coexistence of functional bowel disorders is called as 'overlap syndrome'. Anxiety, somatization and insomnia is more prevalent in overlap syndrome compared with sole functional bowel disorder. Therefore, it is worthwhile that physician interviews and elucidates whether the dyspeptic patient had other kinds of functional bowel disorders, and manages the underlying psychotic pathology. Placebo effect is large in functional dyspepsia, and there is only four kinds of prokinetics that is proven to be superior to placebo. Adverse events relating prolonged administration of prokinetics sometimes fatal or irreversible, physician willing to describe prokinetics should be familiar to the possible adverse effects and the relating risk factors. Pathologic acid reflux is not uncommon in functional dyspepsia, and acid-suppressant is equivalent to the prokientics in most of dyspeptic patients.
Anxiety ; Burns ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; Dyspepsia* ; Humans ; Pathology ; Placebo Effect ; Quality of Life ; Risk Factors ; Satiation ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders