Nerve to mylohyoid is a branch of inferior alveolar nerve. It arises in the infratemporal fossa and runs in the mylohyoid groove of mandible to reach the submandibular region, where it supplies the anterior belly of digastric and mylohyoid muscles. Though sensory distribution of this nerve have been described, it is predominantly a motor nerve. Here, a rare intra-mandibular origin of nerve to mylohyoid has been presented. This nerve arose from the inferior alveolar nerve inside the mandible and came out to the submandibular region by passing through a small foramen present on the medial surface of the body of the mandible. It ended by supplying the anterior belly of digastric and mylohyoid muscles. The knowledge of this variation could be of importance to maxillofacial surgeons and radiologists.

Knowledge of communication between parietal abdominal veins, testicular vein and mesenteric veins is important for Surgeons, Urologists and Radiologists. These communications can result in varicocele or hemorrhoids and may lead to low success rate in hemorrhoid and varicocele surgeries. During routine dissection classes, we observed an unusual large venous plexus on the left psoas major muscle. The venous plexus was unilateral and was formed by many anastomotic venous channels on the psoas fascia and communicated with the left testicular and inferior mesenteric veins. The testicular and inferior mesenteric veins were significantly enlarged below the level of communication with the venous plexus.
Mesenteric Veins

Facial vein, being the largest vein of the face forms the common facial vein after joining with the anterior division of retromandibular vein below the angle of the mandible. Usually, it drains into the internal jugular vein. During routine dissection of head and neck region of a male cadaver, aged approximately 50 years, an unusual pattern in the termination of veins on the left side of the neck was observed. The formation, course and termination of external jugular vein were normal. The anterior division of retromandibular vein joined with external jugular vein about 5 cm above the clavicle and the facial vein opened into the external jugular vein about 2.5 cm above the clavicle. In addition, there was a thin venous communication between anterior division of retromandibular vein and external jugular vein. The superficial veins of the neck are often used for cannulation; either for intravenous infusion or for central venous pressure monitoring. Furthermore, these venous segments are used as a patch for carotid endarterectomies. Hence, a thorough knowledge of the normal anatomy and their variations may be useful for performing these procedures.

Variant anatomy of muscles and veins of the neck is of importance to plastic surgeons, radiologists and general surgeons. We report the variations of sternocleidomastoid muscle and veins of the neck in the present article. Right sternocleidomastoid muscle had three heads of origin. The third head took its origin from the clavicle just lateral to the usual clavicular head. All the three heads were about 4 inches long and united with each other at the level of thyroid cartilage. There was no external jugular vein on the right side. The retromandibular vein united with facial vein to form common facial vein. Common facial vein joined with superior thyroid and lingual veins to form a thyrolinguo-facial trunk one inch below the angle of mandible. This trunk was about 2 inches long and terminated into the internal jugular vein. Knowledge of this case could be useful while raising a sternocleidomastoid flap, administering anesthesia to brachial plexus, neck surgeries and carotid endarterectomy.
Neck Muscles

Congenital anomalies such as positional anomalies of the right half of the colon are more common when compared to its left half. We report a rare case of congenital anomaly where the transverse colon was totally absent. Ascending colon continued as descending colon at the right colic flexure. Ascending and descending colons formed an inverted U shaped loop which was situated in the right half of the abdomen. The sigmoid colon began from the descending colon, on the right side of the midline and coursed to the left iliac fossa. The terminal part of ascending colon and entire descending colon had a persistent mesocolon. The jejunum and ileum were situated in the upper left part of the abdominal cavity. This anomaly can cause volvulus of the colon at any stage of life. Furthermore, the knowledge of this anomaly is very useful for radiologists, gastroenterologists and surgeons.
Abdomen ; Abdominal Cavity ; Colon ; Colon, Ascending ; Colon, Descending ; Colon, Sigmoid ; Colon, Transverse* ; Ileum ; Intestinal Volvulus* ; Jejunum ; Mesocolon*

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is one of the common congenital anomalies of the heart in humans. Its complications depend on the size of the defect and can manifest at any age. The common symptoms of ASD include dyspnea and fatigue. Most of the ASDs are associated with morbidity and mortality, Earlier the treatment, it is better to the patient. I saw a large ostium secundum defect in the heart of an adult female cadaver during dissection classes for undergraduate medical students. The interatrial septum had large defect at the region where fossa ovalis should have been located. It was about 1.25 inches in diameter and oval in shape. This type of large septal defect might result in cyanosis, stroke or death of the patient at any age.
Adult ; Cadaver* ; Cyanosis ; Dyspnea ; Fatigue ; Female* ; Heart ; Heart Septal Defects, Atrial ; Humans ; Middle Aged* ; Mortality ; Stroke ; Students, Medical

Anomalies of the peritoneum and the colon are quite common. Some of these anomalies can disturb the normal digestive and absorptive functions of the intestine and the others might result in formation of volvulus or impede the blood supply of the intestine. We report a rare, combined variation of peritoneum and ascending colon. In a 70-year-old male cadaver, the greater omentum was very small and extended only for about an inch below the transverse colon. From its lower end, a fibrous band extended to the right wall of the upper part of ascending colon. There was a deep constriction on the right wall of the ascending colon at the site of attachment of the fibrous band. The ascending colon was grossly dilated. Further, the ascending colon was mobile and presented a small ascending mesocolon along its left edge. We discuss the possible embryological basis and clinical and surgical relevance of the case.

Facial vein is the main vein of the face. Though its origin is constant, it frequently shows variations in its termination. We report a rare type of variation of facial vein. The right facial vein coursed transversely across the masseter, superficial to the parotid duct and entered into the substance of the parotid gland, at its anterior border. Deep dissection of the gland revealed the abnormal termination of facial vein into the superficial temporal vein. The transverse facial vein drained into the facial vein. The superficial temporal vein after receiving the facial vein continued as retromandibular vein. Knowledge of this anomalous course and termination of facial vein may be important for the surgeons doing parotid, maxillofacial and plastic surgeries.

Knowledge of anatomic variants of veins in the arm and axilla play a key role in planning of successful venous access. Possible anatomic variants of axillary vein, brachial vein and basilic vein and their clinical implications have been well described in the literature. We report a rare case of formation of a short axillary vein associated with complex venous communications between the basilic and brachial veins forming a venous ladder in the axilla, in formalin embalmed male cadaver. Axillary vein was formed in the upper part of the axilla by the fusion of basilic vein and unpaired brachial vein, and it was about 3cm in length. The higher-up confluence of basilic and brachial veins was also associated with presence of three communicating veins between the basilic and brachial veins in the axilla. Knowledge of reported venous variations is very useful during preoperative venous mapping and also for planning and execution of various surgical invasive procedures involving these veins.
Axillary Vein

In this report, four unusual communications between external and internal iliac veins of the left side have been presented. The lowest communication was the narrowest measuring about 2 mm in diameter, the second measured 6 mm, the third had a diameter of 7 mm and the last communication measured 5 mm in breadth. The upper three communications were twisted in a helical manner. The internal iliac vein had its normal tributaries except that the iliolumbar vein drained into the external iliac vein at the level of the third communication. The external iliac vein was slightly dilated just below the level of lowest communication.
Cardiology ; Catheterization* ; Catheters* ; Iliac Vein* ; Rupture* ; Veins