OBJECTIVES: This double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluated the ability of a desensitizing agent and a self-etch adhesive on cervical dentin sensitivity (CDS) after periodontal surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety hypersensitive teeth of 13 subjects were included in the study. After periodontal surgery, the teeth of each posterior sextant treated with one of the following materials: G1: Clearfil S³ Bond (Kuraray Dental), G2: Gluma Desensitizer (Heraeus Kulzer), and G3: placebo (water). The sensitivity was assessed using evaporative stimuli before treatment (baseline, T0), 1 day after treatment (T1), after 1 week (T2), and after 1 month (T3) according to visual analog scale (VAS). RESULTS: Following the treatment, all the 3 groups showed significant reduction of CDS in T1 compared to T0. Reduction of CDS between T1 and T2 was observed only in G1 but there was no significant difference between T2 and T3 in this group. Although we observed a significant difference in T3 compared to T1 and T2 in G2 and G3, comparison of treatment groups in each assessment time showed a significant difference only in T3. According to paired comparison, this was due to the difference between G2 and G3. CONCLUSIONS: Dentin sensitivity following periodontal surgery will decrease spontaneously over time, but treating the sensitive teeth with Gluma Desensitizer and Clearfil S³ Bond can have some benefits.
Adhesives* ; Dentin Sensitivity* ; Dentin* ; Matched-Pair Analysis ; Tooth ; Visual Analog Scale

In addition to the respiratory system,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)strikes other systems,including the digestive,circulatory,urogenital,and even the central nervous system,as its receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is expressed in various organs,such as lungs,intestine,heart,esophagus,kidneys,bladder,testis,liver,and brain.Different mechanisms,in particular,massive virus replication,extensive apoptosis and necrosis of the lung-related epithelial and endothelial cells,vascular leakage,hyper-inflammatory responses,overproduction of pro-inflammatory mediators,cytokine storm,oxidative stress,downregulation of ACE2,and impairment of the renin-angiotensin system contribute to the COVID-19 pathogenesis.Currently,COVID-19 is a global pandemic with no specific anti-viral treatment.The favorable capabilities of the ginger were indicated in patients suffering from osteoarthritis,neurodegenerative disorders,rheumatoid arthritis,type 2 diabetes,respiratory distress,liver diseases and primary dysmenorrheal.Ginger or its compounds exhibited strong anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative influences in numerous animal models.This review provides ev-idence regarding the potential effects of ginger against SARS-CoV-2 infection and highlights its antiviral,anti-inflammatory,antioxidative,and immunomodulatory impacts in an attempt to consider this plant as an alternative therapeutic agent for COVID-19 treatment.

Despite the broad distribution of leishmaniasis among Iranians and animals across the country, little is known about the genetic characteristics of the causative agents. Applying both HSP70 PCR-RFLP and sequence analyses, this study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among Leishmania spp. isolated from Iranian endemic foci and available reference strains. A total of 36 Leishmania isolates from almost all districts across the country were genetically analyzed for the HSP70 gene using both PCR-RFLP and sequence analysis. The original HSP70 gene sequences were aligned along with homologous Leishmania sequences retrieved from NCBI, and subjected to the phylogenetic analysis. Basic parameters of genetic diversity were also estimated. The HSP70 PCR-RFLP presented 3 different electrophoretic patterns, with no further intraspecific variation, corresponding to 3 Leishmania species available in the country, L. tropica, L. major, and L. infantum. Phylogenetic analyses presented 5 major clades, corresponding to 5 species complexes. Iranian lineages, including L. major, L. tropica, and L. infantum, were distributed among 3 complexes L. major, L. tropica, and L. donovani. However, within the L. major and L. donovani species complexes, the HSP70 phylogeny was not able to distinguish clearly between the L. major and L. turanica isolates, and between the L. infantum, L. donovani, and L. chagasi isolates, respectively. Our results indicated that both HSP70 PCR-RFLP and sequence analyses are medically applicable tools for identification of Leishmania species in Iranian patients. However, the reduced genetic diversity of the target gene makes it inevitable that its phylogeny only resolves the major groups, namely, the species complexes.
Animals ; Genetic Variation* ; Humans ; Iran ; Leishmania infantum ; Leishmania major ; Leishmania tropica ; Leishmania* ; Leishmaniasis ; Parasites* ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis*