Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are ubiquitous membranous structures in all Gram-negative bacteria, including pathogens and non-pathogens. Gram-positive bacteria also release membrane-derived vesicles (MV). Originating from the cell envelope, OMVs are enriched with bacterial antigen molecules that conduct multiple functions as decoys to manipulate the host immune system. Besides, OMVs and their components play diverse roles in nutrient acquisition, biofilm formation, and resistance to antibiotics. Despite the diverse benefits ascribed to OMVs, many questions remain unanswered with regard to OMV biogenesis and cargo selectivity. In this report, we review the advantages of vesiculation in the context of all bacteria and then focus on additional benefits acquired by OMVs in pathogenic bacteria.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacteria ; Biofilms ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; Immune System ; Membranes* ; Virulence* ; Organelle Biogenesis

Salmonella causes a wide variety of diseases ranging from mild diarrhea to severe systemic infections, such as like typhoid fever, in multiple organisms, ranging from mice to humans. A lack of ptsI, which encodes the first component of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) : carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS), is known to cause Salmonella Typhimurium attenuation; however, the mechanisms behind this have not yet been elucidated. In this study, a DNA microarray was performed to determine why the virulence of ptsI mutants is attenuated under low-oxygen conditions in which the ptsI expression is enhanced. Of 106 down-regulated genes, the most repressed were pdu and tdc genes, which are required for propanediol utilization and threonine and serine metabolism, respectively. In addition, half the flagellar genes were down-regulated in the ptsI mutant strain. Because pdu genes are induced during infection and Tdc products and flagella-mediated motility are necessary for the invasion of S. Typhimurium, the invasive ability of ptsI mutants was examined. We found that ptsI mutation reduced the ability of S. Typhimurium to invade into host cells, suggesting that reduced expression of the pdu, tdc, and flagellar genes is involved in the attenuation of ptsI mutants.
Animals ; Diarrhea ; Flagella ; Humans ; Metabolism ; Mice ; Microarray Analysis* ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Phosphoenolpyruvate ; Salmonella typhimurium* ; Salmonella* ; Serine ; Threonine ; Typhoid Fever ; Virulence

HilA is a central regulator of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1), which is necessary for host invasion by Salmonella and induction of gastroenteritis. The iagB lies downstream of hilA and is thought to be co-transcribed with hilA, but iagB expression has not yet been analyzed directly. In this study, iagB expression in various mutant strains was measured to determine whether the expression pattern was similar to that of hilA. A β-galactosidase assay revealed that iagB expression was greater under shaking than standing culture condition. iagB expression was decreased in relA/spoT and ihfB mutants but not in luxS mutant, in line with previous reports on hilA expression. The hilA and iagB mRNA levels decreased by approximately 2-fold in arcA mutant grown aerobically and increased by approximately 10-fold in fnr mutant grown anaerobically. Although the fold changes in hilA and iagB mRNA level differed in hfq mutant strain, the patterns of time- and Hfq-dependent regulation were similar for both genes. Thus, iagB and hilA exhibited similar expression patterns in various mutational backgrounds and under different growth condition.
Gastroenteritis ; Genomic Islands* ; RNA, Messenger ; Salmonella typhimurium ; Salmonella* ; Virulence*

Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus, GBS) is a leading causal organism of neonatal invasive diseases and severe infections in the elderly. Despite significant advances in the diagnosis and treatment of GBS infections and improvement in personal hygiene standards, this pathogen is still a global health concern. Thus, an effective vaccine against GBS would augment existing strategies to substantially decrease GBS infection. In 2014, World Health Organization convened the first meeting for consultation on GBS vaccine development, focusing on the GBS maternal immunization program, which was aimed at reducing infections in neonates and young infants worldwide. Here, we review the history of GBS infections, the current vaccine candidates, and the current status of immunogenicity assays used to evaluate the clinical efficacy of GBS vaccines.
Aged ; Diagnosis ; Global Health ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Immunization Programs ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Polysaccharides ; Streptococcus ; Streptococcus agalactiae ; Treatment Outcome ; Vaccines ; Vaccines, Conjugate ; World Health Organization