The association between vitamin D levels and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been recognized. However, few studies showed independent associations between vitamin D deficiency and NAFLD after a sex-related adjustment for metabolic factors. We aimed to study whether vitamin D deficiency is an independent risk factor of NAFLD even after controlling for metabolic syndrome and visceral fat in both sexes. In this cross-sectional study, 7,514 Korean adults (5,278 men, 2,236 women) participated in a health check-up program. They underwent blood tests, abdominal computed tomography (CT) of the visceral fat area, and ultrasonography for NAFLD screening. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association of vitamin D deficiency with NAFLD according to the sex differences. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with NAFLD. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for NAFLD increased sequentially with decreasing vitamin D level, even after adjusting for metabolic syndrome and visceral fat. The subjects in the vitamin D sufficiency group (20–30 ng/mL) had an aOR for NAFLD of 1.18 (95% CI, 1.00–1.39), whereas the deficiency group (< 20 ng/mL) had an aOR of 1.29 (95% CI, 1.10–1.52). However, we have detected a significant sex-related interaction when analyzing the results. A significant relationship between vitamin D deficiency and NAFLD was found in men (aOR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.11–1.60) but not in women.
Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Hematologic Tests ; Humans ; Intra-Abdominal Fat ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Metabolic Syndrome X ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease* ; Odds Ratio ; Risk Factors* ; Sex Characteristics ; Ultrasonography ; Vitamin D Deficiency ; Vitamin D* ; Vitamins*