PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the subjective experience of Highly active Antiretroviral therapy (HAART) adherence in Korean patients with HIV. METHODS: A phenomenological methodology was used for the study. Data were collected from March to December, 2013 using open-ended questions during in-depth interviews. Participants were taking HAART for HIV, and were contacted through purposive techniques. RESULTS: Four men and 4 women whose average treatment period was 5.9 years participated in this study. Seven themes emerged from the analysis using Colazzi's method: (a) Seizing life in a deep sense of despair, (b) Struggling with medication, (c) Facing harsh treatment from health care providers, (d) Spoiling healthy pattern, (e) Hungering for communication and emotional support, (f) Turning to accepting HIV, (g) Becoming adherent to HIV treatment. CONCLUSION: Prejudice from health care providers and lack of emotional support were barriers to HAART in Korea. Intervention strategies are needed to decrease prejudices from health care providers and to increase family support.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Adult ; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ; Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use ; Attitude to Health ; Communication ; Female ; HIV Infections/*drug therapy/*psychology ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Male ; *Medication Adherence ; Middle Aged ; Prejudice ; Republic of Korea

PURPOSE: The objectives of this study were to 1) explore nurses' attitudes toward death, coping with death, understanding and performance regarding end-of-life (EOL) care, 2) describe correlations among the above factors, and 3) determine the factors affecting nurses' EOL care performance. METHODS: Study participants were 187 nurses stationed at departments that post higher mortality than others such as the oncology department, intensive care unit (ICU) and emergency department (ED). Data were collected from three urban university-affiliated hospitals. Multi-dimensional measure was performed for study instruments such as "attitude toward death", "coping with death" and "understanding and performance regarding EOL care". Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, correlation, and multiple regressions. RESULTS: First, nurses showed significantly different attitudes toward death by age, religion, work unit and EOL care education. Younger nurses tend to score low on the understanding of EOL care, and ED nurses' score was lower than their peers at the oncology department and ICU. Second, EOL care performance was positively correlated with attitude toward death (P<0.001), coping with death (P=0.003) and understanding of EOL care (P<0.001). Third, nurses' EOL care performance was affected by work unit (P<0.001) and understanding of EOL care (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Because nurses' performance was influenced by their work unit and understanding of EOL care, they should be provided with appropriate training to improve their understanding of death and EOL care according to work unit.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Attitude to Death ; Education, Nursing ; Emergencies ; Intensive Care Units ; Terminal Care

PURPOSE: Child Health nurse practitioners (CHNPs) in Korea have important roles in disease management and health promotion for children and adolescents. Yet, practices of CHNPs licensed and employed in hospitals have not been adequately identified. Thus, in this study the scope of practice by CHNPs and job satisfaction and stress were investigated and compared according to the CHNPs' position in the working place. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was used. All 53 licensed CHNPs participated in the mail survey which included a 71-item questionnaire on job performance and job satisfaction and a job contents questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, chi2 test, independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare CHNPs employed as nurse practitioner (NP) and CHNPs employed as staff nurses. RESULTS: Compared to CHNPs employed as staff nurses, CHNPs employed as NPs more frequently provided education, environment management, coordination and research in their practice areas. No significant difference was found in job satisfaction between the two groups except for the administration and income subdomains. Only the physical exertion subdomain in job stress was stressful to CHNP employed as staff nurse. Conclusions: Job performance of CHNPs in Korea needs to be revised to include more practical practice in education, coordination, and research related areas. CONCLUSIONS: Job performance of CHNPs in Korea needs to be revised to include more practical practice in education, coordination, and research related areas.
Adolescent ; Child ; Child Welfare* ; Child* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Disease Management ; Education ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Job Satisfaction* ; Korea ; Nurse Practitioners* ; Pediatric Nurse Practitioners ; Physical Exertion ; Postal Service ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; Task Performance and Analysis ; Workplace*

Acquired perforating dermatosis (APD) triggers severe itching, and is observed most often in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Various treatments, such as topical steroids, topical and oral retinoids, allopurinol, and ultraviolet B (UVB) phototherapy, have been used. However, as the precise etiology is unknown, there are a lack of well-established treatment guidelines. We report a peritoneal dialysis patient with a diagnosis of APD who was resistant to topical steroids, phototherapy, allopurinol, and topical retinoids. Severe pruritus persisted, which compromised his ability to lead a normal life. As a final treatment option, we used oral isotretinoin and the patient experienced a dramatic improvement.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify and analyze the trends of theory-based research published in Asian Oncology Nursing (AON) from 2011 to 2017. METHODS: We analyzed 22 theory-based studies taken from among the 232 studies published in AON for 7years. We analyzed the framework developed by researchers, descriptive summaries of theory, keyword classification of nursing meta-paradigms, the generic character of the studies, and the type of research designs. RESULTS: A total of 23 theories were applied in the 22 (9.5%) studies. ‘Nursing’ was the most prevalent field of study (34.8%). In the field of study of theory, nursing theory was the largest with eight (34.8%), and in the method of theory utilization, all 22 studies were theoretical applications 3 middle-range theories were most prevalent. In the keyword classification using meta-paradigm in nursing, we found 83 key words. Among them, ‘Health’ related key words were most frequent (53), followed by ‘Cancer’ keywords (13). CONCLUSION: AON has a high ratio of theoretical study compared to other journals, but the ratio is still less than 10%, which is still weak. Therefore, it is believed that the attention to, utilization of, application, and institutional establishment of nursing theory should be necessary.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Classification ; Humans ; Methods ; Models, Theoretical ; Nursing ; Nursing Theory ; Oncology Nursing ; Research Design

To directly test if elevated glucocorticoids are required for fasting-induced regulation of growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone (GHRH), GHRH receptors (GHRH-R) and ghrelin receptors (GHS-R) expression, male rats were bilaterally adrenalectomized or sham operated. After 7 days, animals were fed ad libitum or fasted for 48 h. Bilateral adrenalectomy increased hypothalamic GHRH to 146% and decreased neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA to 54% of SHAM controls. Pituitary GHRH-R and GHS-R mRNA levels were decreased by adrenalectomy to 30% and 80% of sham-operated controls. In sham- operated rats, fasting suppressed hypothalamic GHRH (49%) and stimulated NPY (166%) mRNA levels, while fasting increased pituitary GHRH-R (391%) and GHS-R (218%) mRNA levels. However, in adrenalectomized rats, fasting failed to alter pituitary GHRH-R mRNA levels, while the fasting-induced suppression of GHRH and elevation of NPY and GHS-R mRNA levels remained intact. In fasted adrenalectomized rats, corticosterone replacement increased GHRH-R mRNA levels and intensified the fasting-induced decrease in GHRH, but did not alter NPY or GHS-R response. These data suggest that elevated glucocorticoids mediate the effects of fasting on hypothalamic GHRH and pituitary GHRH-R expression, while glucocorticoids are likely not the major determinant in fasting-induced increases in hypothalamic NPY and pituitary GHS-R expression.
Adrenalectomy ; Animals ; Corticosterone ; Fasting ; Glucocorticoids ; Growth Hormone ; Humans ; Male ; Neuropeptide Y ; Rats ; Receptors, Ghrelin ; Receptors, Neuropeptide ; Receptors, Pituitary Hormone-Regulating Hormone ; RNA, Messenger ; Salicylamides

Background: This study aimed to present and analyze the causes of death in the Korean population in 2019. Methods: Based on the Korean Standard Classification of Diseases and Causes of Death and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision, cause-of-death data for 2019 from Statistics Korea were examined. Results: There were 295,110 total deaths, a decrease of 3,710 (-1.27%) from 2018. The crude death rate (the number of deaths per 100,000 people) was 574.8, a decrease of 7.6 (-1.3%) from 2018. The top ten causes of death, in descending order, were malignant neoplasms, heart disease, pneumonia, cerebrovascular disease, intentional self-harm, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer disease, liver disease, chronic lower respiratory disease, and hypertension. Within the malignant neoplasm category, the top five organs affected were the lung, liver, colon, stomach, and pancreas (in the same order as in 2018). Alzheimer disease moved up from ninth to seventh on the list of leading causes of death in 2018. Among women, it ranked as the fifth leading cause of death, while pneumonia became the third leading cause of death. Conclusion These changes reflect the increasing number of women > 65 years who are vulnerable to cognitive impairment and infectious diseases. The Korean government must urgently take preventive and therapeutic measures against dementia, especially Alzheimer disease.

Background: This study analyzed the causes of death in the Korean population in 2020. Methods: Cause-of-death data for 2020 from Statistics Korea were examined based on the Korean Standard Classification of Diseases and Causes of Death, 7th revision and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision. Results: In total, 304,948 deaths occurred, reflecting an increase of 9,838 (3.3%) from 2019. The crude death rate (the number of deaths per 100,000 people) was 593.9, corresponding to an increase of 19.0 (3.3%) from 2019. The 10 leading causes of death, in descending order, were malignant neoplasms, heart diseases, pneumonia, cerebrovascular diseases, intentional self-harm, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer disease, liver diseases, hypertensive diseases, and sepsis. Cancer accounted for 27.0% of deaths. Within the category of malignant neoplasms, the top 5 leading organs of involvement were the lung, liver, colon, stomach, and pancreas. Sepsis was included in the 10 leading causes of death for the first time. Mortality due to pneumonia decreased to 43.3 (per 100,000 people) from 45.1 in 2019. The number of deaths due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was 950, of which 54.5% were in people aged 80 or older. Conclusion These changes reflect the continuing increase in deaths due to diseases of old age, including sepsis. The decrease in deaths due to pneumonia may have been due to protective measures against SARS-CoV-2. With the concomitant decrease in fertility, 2020 became the first year in which Korea’s natural total population decreased.

Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. The aims of this study were to evaluate the association between polymorphisms in TFF gene family, TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3 and the risk of gastric cancer (GC) and GC subgroups in a Korean population via a case-control study. The eight polymorphisms in TFF gene family were identified by sequencing and genotyped with 377 GC patients and 396 controls by using TaqMan genotyping assay. The rs184432 TT genotype of TFF1 was significantly associated with a reduced risk of GC (odds ratio, [OR) = 0.45; 95% confidence interval, [CI] = 0.25-0.82; P = 0.009), more protective against diffuse-type GC (OR = 0.20; 95% CI = 0.05-0.89; P = 0.035) than GC (OR = 0.34; 95% CI = 0.14-0.82; P = 0.017) in subjects aged < 60 yr, and correlated with lymph node metastasis negative GC and diffuse-type GC (OR = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.23-0.86; P = 0.016 and OR = 0.20; 95% CI = 0.05-0.87; P = 0.031, respectively). In addition, a decreased risk of lymph node metastasis negative GC and diffuse-type GC was observed for rs225359 TT genotype of TFF1 (OR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.24-0.88; P = 0.020 and OR = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.05-0.88; P = 0.033, respectively). These findings suggest that the rs184432 and rs225359 polymorphisms in TFF1 have protective effects for GC and contribute to the development of GC in Korean individuals.
Adult ; Aged ; Biomarkers, Tumor/*genetics ; Female ; Genetic Markers/genetics ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease/epidemiology/genetics ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Peptides/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics ; Reproducibility of Results ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Risk Assessment/methods ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Stomach Neoplasms/*epidemiology/*genetics ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/*genetics

Purpose: There are few reports on outcomes following surgical repair of recurrent rectal prolapse. The purpose of this study was to examine surgical outcomes for recurrent rectal prolapse. Methods: We conducted a multicenter retrospective study of patients who underwent surgery for recurrent rectal prolapse. This study used data collected by the Korean Anorectal Physiology and Pelvic Floor Disorder Study Group. Results: A total of 166 patients who underwent surgery for recurrent rectal prolapse were registered retrospectively between 2011 and 2016 in 8 referral hospitals. Among them, 153 patients were finally enrolled, excluding 13 patients who were not followed up postoperatively. Median follow-up duration was 40 months (range, 0.2–129.3 months). Methods of surgical repair for recurrent rectal prolapse included perineal approach (n = 96) and abdominal approach (n = 57). Postoperative complications occurred in 16 patients (10.5%). There was no significant difference in complication rate between perineal and abdominal approach groups. While patients who underwent the perineal approach were older and more fragile, patients who underwent the abdominal approach had longer operation time and admission days (P < 0.05). Overall, 29 patients (19.0%) showed re-recurrence after surgery. Among variables, none affected the re-recurrence. Conclusion For the recurrent rectal prolapse, the perineal approach is used for the old and fragile patients. The postoperative complications and re-recurrence rate between perineal and abdominal approach were not different significantly. No factor including surgical method affected re-recurrence for recurrent rectal prolapse.