Objectives: Currently, more than 80% of Korean police officers are assigned to a 24-hour rotating shift system. Shift workers’ sleep patterns change frequently, which may result in circadian rhythm desynchrony and sleep disturbance. The goal of this study was to compare sleep and cognitive functioning in different shift types. In addition, we analyzed the difference in cognitive functioning depending on whether shift workers took a night nap prior to their night shift. Methods: A total of 278 police officers working in Seoul (mean age 45.27±9.00 years, 88.5% male) participated, providing demographic information and completing selfreport questionnaires [Insomnia Severity Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (Shift-work type), Patient Health Questionnaire-9]. Participants also performed the Psychomotor Vigilance Task, Trail Making Test A & B, and Stroop Test. Results: Participants included 57 (20.5%) day workers and 221 (79.5%) shift workers. The average Insomnia Severity Index score of shift workers was significantly higher than day workers (t=-2.861, p=0.005). Shift workers also slept about 0.78 hours less than day workers (t=4.730, p<0.001). Among shift workers, 66.3% (n=128) reported they took night naps prior to their night shift, sleeping on average 1.78 hours. Shift workers who took night naps had faster reaction times on the Trail Making Test A task [F(1, 136)=5.741, p=0.018], and significantly fewer Stroop C errors [F(1, 137)=5.638, p=0.019] than those who did not. Conclusions Shift working police officers reported significantly worse insomnia symptoms and slept less compared to their non-shift-working counterparts. Taking a night nap improved focused and selective attention.

Objectives: Currently, more than 80% of Korean police officers are assigned to a 24-hour rotating shift system. Shift workers’ sleep patterns change frequently, which may result in circadian rhythm desynchrony and sleep disturbance. The goal of this study was to compare sleep and cognitive functioning in different shift types. In addition, we analyzed the difference in cognitive functioning depending on whether shift workers took a night nap prior to their night shift. Methods: A total of 278 police officers working in Seoul (mean age 45.27±9.00 years, 88.5% male) participated, providing demographic information and completing selfreport questionnaires [Insomnia Severity Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (Shift-work type), Patient Health Questionnaire-9]. Participants also performed the Psychomotor Vigilance Task, Trail Making Test A & B, and Stroop Test. Results: Participants included 57 (20.5%) day workers and 221 (79.5%) shift workers. The average Insomnia Severity Index score of shift workers was significantly higher than day workers (t=-2.861, p=0.005). Shift workers also slept about 0.78 hours less than day workers (t=4.730, p<0.001). Among shift workers, 66.3% (n=128) reported they took night naps prior to their night shift, sleeping on average 1.78 hours. Shift workers who took night naps had faster reaction times on the Trail Making Test A task [F(1, 136)=5.741, p=0.018], and significantly fewer Stroop C errors [F(1, 137)=5.638, p=0.019] than those who did not. Conclusions Shift working police officers reported significantly worse insomnia symptoms and slept less compared to their non-shift-working counterparts. Taking a night nap improved focused and selective attention.

Objective: The primary purpose of this literature review is to explore and integrate findings from various psychological autopsy (PA) studies to identify critical risk factors associated with adolescent suicide and evaluate the methodologies employed in these investigations. Methods: A systematic review of 15 studies reporting psychological autopsies of adolescent suicides was conducted. Data sources included databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and RISS. Studies were selected based on empirical research focused on adolescent suicides, conducted since 1970, and written in English. Two reviewers independently screened and selected studies, with a third reviewer resolving any disagreements. The studies were analyzed for sample characteristics, included variables, and specific features of the PA methodology. Results: The review identified consistent findings across studies, highlighting the significant role of mental illnesses and sociodemographic factors in adolescent suicides. Methodological variations were noted in interview timing, source selection, and the use of semi-structured interviews. The review also emphasized the importance of comprehensive data collection, including social network and mobile activity data, to better understand suicide risk factors. Key challenges identified include retrospective data bias and cultural differences affecting the generalizability of findings. Conclusion The review underscores the need for standardized PA procedures, particularly tailored to adolescents, to improve the reliability and validity of findings. The consistent association of psychiatric disorders with suicide risk emphasizes the urgent need for effective mental health interventions. Future research should focus on developing ethical, culturally sensitive, and methodologically rigorous approaches to enhance the understanding and prevention of adolescent suicide.

Objective: The primary purpose of this literature review is to explore and integrate findings from various psychological autopsy (PA) studies to identify critical risk factors associated with adolescent suicide and evaluate the methodologies employed in these investigations. Methods: A systematic review of 15 studies reporting psychological autopsies of adolescent suicides was conducted. Data sources included databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and RISS. Studies were selected based on empirical research focused on adolescent suicides, conducted since 1970, and written in English. Two reviewers independently screened and selected studies, with a third reviewer resolving any disagreements. The studies were analyzed for sample characteristics, included variables, and specific features of the PA methodology. Results: The review identified consistent findings across studies, highlighting the significant role of mental illnesses and sociodemographic factors in adolescent suicides. Methodological variations were noted in interview timing, source selection, and the use of semi-structured interviews. The review also emphasized the importance of comprehensive data collection, including social network and mobile activity data, to better understand suicide risk factors. Key challenges identified include retrospective data bias and cultural differences affecting the generalizability of findings. Conclusion The review underscores the need for standardized PA procedures, particularly tailored to adolescents, to improve the reliability and validity of findings. The consistent association of psychiatric disorders with suicide risk emphasizes the urgent need for effective mental health interventions. Future research should focus on developing ethical, culturally sensitive, and methodologically rigorous approaches to enhance the understanding and prevention of adolescent suicide.

Objective: The primary purpose of this literature review is to explore and integrate findings from various psychological autopsy (PA) studies to identify critical risk factors associated with adolescent suicide and evaluate the methodologies employed in these investigations. Methods: A systematic review of 15 studies reporting psychological autopsies of adolescent suicides was conducted. Data sources included databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and RISS. Studies were selected based on empirical research focused on adolescent suicides, conducted since 1970, and written in English. Two reviewers independently screened and selected studies, with a third reviewer resolving any disagreements. The studies were analyzed for sample characteristics, included variables, and specific features of the PA methodology. Results: The review identified consistent findings across studies, highlighting the significant role of mental illnesses and sociodemographic factors in adolescent suicides. Methodological variations were noted in interview timing, source selection, and the use of semi-structured interviews. The review also emphasized the importance of comprehensive data collection, including social network and mobile activity data, to better understand suicide risk factors. Key challenges identified include retrospective data bias and cultural differences affecting the generalizability of findings. Conclusion The review underscores the need for standardized PA procedures, particularly tailored to adolescents, to improve the reliability and validity of findings. The consistent association of psychiatric disorders with suicide risk emphasizes the urgent need for effective mental health interventions. Future research should focus on developing ethical, culturally sensitive, and methodologically rigorous approaches to enhance the understanding and prevention of adolescent suicide.

Objective: The primary purpose of this literature review is to explore and integrate findings from various psychological autopsy (PA) studies to identify critical risk factors associated with adolescent suicide and evaluate the methodologies employed in these investigations. Methods: A systematic review of 15 studies reporting psychological autopsies of adolescent suicides was conducted. Data sources included databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and RISS. Studies were selected based on empirical research focused on adolescent suicides, conducted since 1970, and written in English. Two reviewers independently screened and selected studies, with a third reviewer resolving any disagreements. The studies were analyzed for sample characteristics, included variables, and specific features of the PA methodology. Results: The review identified consistent findings across studies, highlighting the significant role of mental illnesses and sociodemographic factors in adolescent suicides. Methodological variations were noted in interview timing, source selection, and the use of semi-structured interviews. The review also emphasized the importance of comprehensive data collection, including social network and mobile activity data, to better understand suicide risk factors. Key challenges identified include retrospective data bias and cultural differences affecting the generalizability of findings. Conclusion The review underscores the need for standardized PA procedures, particularly tailored to adolescents, to improve the reliability and validity of findings. The consistent association of psychiatric disorders with suicide risk emphasizes the urgent need for effective mental health interventions. Future research should focus on developing ethical, culturally sensitive, and methodologically rigorous approaches to enhance the understanding and prevention of adolescent suicide.

Objective: The primary purpose of this literature review is to explore and integrate findings from various psychological autopsy (PA) studies to identify critical risk factors associated with adolescent suicide and evaluate the methodologies employed in these investigations. Methods: A systematic review of 15 studies reporting psychological autopsies of adolescent suicides was conducted. Data sources included databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and RISS. Studies were selected based on empirical research focused on adolescent suicides, conducted since 1970, and written in English. Two reviewers independently screened and selected studies, with a third reviewer resolving any disagreements. The studies were analyzed for sample characteristics, included variables, and specific features of the PA methodology. Results: The review identified consistent findings across studies, highlighting the significant role of mental illnesses and sociodemographic factors in adolescent suicides. Methodological variations were noted in interview timing, source selection, and the use of semi-structured interviews. The review also emphasized the importance of comprehensive data collection, including social network and mobile activity data, to better understand suicide risk factors. Key challenges identified include retrospective data bias and cultural differences affecting the generalizability of findings. Conclusion The review underscores the need for standardized PA procedures, particularly tailored to adolescents, to improve the reliability and validity of findings. The consistent association of psychiatric disorders with suicide risk emphasizes the urgent need for effective mental health interventions. Future research should focus on developing ethical, culturally sensitive, and methodologically rigorous approaches to enhance the understanding and prevention of adolescent suicide.

The purpose of the current study was to examine the risk factors of young children’s smartphone addiction in a longitudinal study design. Data collected from 313 participants (mean age, 4.5 ± 0.82 years; male, 49.8%) over 4 years for Kids Cohort for Understanding of Internet Addiction Risk Factors in Early Childhood were analyzed in this study. Mixed effect models were used to evaluate the influence of various variables on the repeated measures of smartphone addiction tendency in young children over time. The multi-level analysis showed that parents’ lack of control over children’s smartphone use (t = −4.523; 95% confidence interval [CI], −7.32, −1.72), and parents’ higher smartphone addiction proneness (t = 6.340;95% CI, 0.23, 0.440) predicted higher smartphone addiction tendency in young children.The responsibility of the parents to prevent their children from becoming addicted to smartphones should start in a very early age when they start using the smartphones.

Suicide is a complex phenomenon resulting from interactions between individual vulnerabilities and socio-environmental factors. The current review primarily focuses on research into the serotonin system, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neurotrophic factors, lipid metabolism, and functional neuroimaging studies. It has been found that dysfunctions in the serotonin system, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis abnormalities, and low brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cholesterol levels may be linked to suicide. Additionally, recent neuroimaging studies have suggested that structural and functional abnormalities in brain areas related to cognitive and emotional regulation may be associated with suicide. More research incorporating advanced methodological approaches may shed further light on the neurobiological basis of suicide.
Brain ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Cholesterol ; Functional Neuroimaging ; Lipid Metabolism ; Nerve Growth Factors ; Neurobiology ; Neuroimaging ; Pituitary-Adrenal System ; Serotonin ; Suicide

Suicide is a complex phenomenon resulting from interactions between individual vulnerabilities and socio-environmental factors. The current review primarily focuses on research into the serotonin system, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neurotrophic factors, lipid metabolism, and functional neuroimaging studies. It has been found that dysfunctions in the serotonin system, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis abnormalities, and low brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cholesterol levels may be linked to suicide. Additionally, recent neuroimaging studies have suggested that structural and functional abnormalities in brain areas related to cognitive and emotional regulation may be associated with suicide. More research incorporating advanced methodological approaches may shed further light on the neurobiological basis of suicide.