No Abstract Available.
Fatigue* ; Humans ; Male*

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of family mealtime and family structure on family functioning and early adolescents’ depression. Methods: A survey was conducted with a sample of 275 middle school students in the Gangdong-gu district, Seoul. APGAR scores and Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) scale were used to measure family functioning and depression level, respectively, along with six more questions to collect data on family structure, family mealtimes, and adolescents’ reasons for avoiding family meals. Statistical analyses including t-test, one-way ANOVA and twoway ANOVA were employed to examine the influence of family mealtime, family structure and sex on family functioning and depression levels. Results: The analyses revealed that family structure and environmental factors, such as parental presence and educational attainment did not influence family functioning or adolescent depression, while variables related to family mealtime influenced both depression level and family functioning. Results also showed that females were more vulnerable to depression. Conclusion It was concluded that having family time during meals improves family functioning and helps decrease depression levels of adolescent family members. Therefore, parents should take care that they have regular family mealtimes with children, especially female children, during their adolescence.

BACKGROUD: The use of video display terminal(VDT) is growing rapidly. The purpose of this study was to examine detailed symptoms related to VDT use, factors related to symptoms of VDT users. METHODS: 852 bank clerks using VDT who visited to a haspital in Pusan were enrolled in this study. Collected data ineluded age, sex, symptoms associated VDT, weekly VDT usage time, distance from head to hard distance from eyes to VDT, angle to VDT. RESULTS: The prevalence of symptoms related to VDT use was 27.0 percent. Symptoms involved visual (19.9%), musculoskeletal(10.8%), neurological system (0.5%). The prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms of women was higher than men. The prevalence of visual symptoms of subjects less than 30 years of age was higher than those of 31 years and over. The prevalence of subjects with more than one symptoms was 33.7 percent; subjects with visual and musculoskeletal symptoms were most common. Angle to VDT af group having symptoms related to VDT use was 5.1+/-22.6 degrees while those without was -0.5+/-17.0 degrees(P<0.05). Weekly mean VDT usage time of group having symptoms related to VDT use was 25.0(3.0- 90.0) hours while thase without were 11.0(0.5- 100.0) hours<0.01). In order of fvequency subjects having visual, musculoskeletal, and neurolagical symptoms, angle to VDT and weekly mean VDT usage time were increased CONCLUSIONS: Factors related to symptoms of VDT users were weekly VDT usage time and angle to VDT. The prevalence of symptoms related to VDT use was 27.0 percent.
Busan ; Computer Terminals ; Female ; Head ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence

No abstract available.
Humans

No abstract available.
Counseling

BACKGROUND: Biochemical markers have been proposed as sensitive indicators of high bone turnover and for monitoring response to osteoporosis treatment. We conducted a retrospective study to investigate the pattern of biochemical markers of bone metabolism (urinary deoxypryridinoline(D PYD), serum osteocalcin) across menopausal transition in women. METHODS: We measured the urinary excretion of D PYD, serum osteocalcin and BMD in 44 premenopausal and age matched 44 postmenopausal women who visited a tertiary hospital from May 1, 1997 to July 31, 1997. Each values between premenopausal and postmenopausal women were anaysed with paired t-tests. Pearson's correlation coefficients were performed to assess the relationships between the three values. RESULTS: Urinary excretion of D-PYD in postmenopausal women (12.103+/-2.27 nM/mM creatinine) was higher than in premenopausal women (9.322+/-2.53 nM/mM creatinine) (P<0.05). Serum osteocalcin in postmenopausal women (12.8698+/-3.1 ng/ml) was higher than in premenopausal women (9.0949+/-2.7 ng/ml) (P<0.01). BMD in postmenopausal women (0.9979+/-0.1863 g/cm2) was lower than in postmenopausal women (1.1845+/-0.1591 g/cm2) (P<0.01). The serum osteocalcin level was positively correlated with D-PYD (r=0.547, p<0.01). Urine excretion of D-PYD was negatively correlated with BMD (r= 0.36, p<0.01). Serum osteocalcin was negatively correlated with BMD (r= 0.427, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Urinary D-PYD excretion and serum osteocalcin were increased, but BMD was decreased significantly in postmenopausal women. Urinary D-PYD, serum osteocalcin, and BMD were significantly correlated with each other in women.
Biomarkers ; Bone Density ; Female ; Humans ; Menopause ; Metabolism ; Osteocalcin* ; Osteoporosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Tertiary Care Centers

Good assessment is crucial for feedback on curriculum and to motivate students to learn. This study was conducted to perform item analysis on the Medical Education Assessment Consortium clinical knowledge mock examination (MEAC CKME) (2011–2016) and to evaluate several effects to improve item quality using both classical test theory and item response theory. The estimated difficulty index (P) and discrimination index (D) were calculated according to each course, item type, A (single best answer)/R (extended matching) type, and grading of item quality. The cut-off values used to evaluate P were: >0.8 (easy); 0.6–0.8 (moderate); and <0.6 (difficult). The cut-off value for D was 0.3. The proportion of appropriate items was defined as those with P between 0.25–0.75 and D ≥0.25. Cronbach α was used to assess the reliability and was compared with those of the Korean Medical Licensing Examination (KMLE). The results showed the recent mean difficulty and decimation index was 0.62 and 0.20 for the first MEAC CKME and 0.71 and 0.19 for the second MEAC CKME, respectively. Higher grade items evaluated by a self-checklist system had better D values than lower grade items and higher grade items gradually increased. The preview and editing process by experts revealed maintained P, decreased recall items, increased appropriate items with better D values, and higher reliability. In conclusion, the MEAC CKME (2011–2016) is deemed appropriate as an assessment to evaluate students' competence and prepare year four medical students for the KMLE. In addition, the self-checklist system for writing good items was useful in improving item quality.
Curriculum ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Education, Medical ; Humans ; Licensure ; Mental Competency ; Students, Medical ; Writing

Generalized or localized edema is a very common symptom in primary care. Edema is developed from an imbalance in the filtration system between the vessel and interstitial spaces. A systematic approach is extremely important to determine the underlying diagnosis, because its management plan depends on the cause of edema. Treatment includes sodium restriction, diuretic use, appropriate management of the underlying disorder, et al. This review can be helpful in establishing the management of edema in clinical practice.
Diuretics ; Edema ; Filtration ; Glycosaminoglycans ; Primary Health Care ; Sodium ; Water

PURPOSE: This study investigated the relationship among types of attribution tendencies, academic stress, coping efficacy, and academic adjustment in medical students and identified the means by which the academic adjustment of medical students can improve. METHODS: Four hundred forty-two subjects from 2 medical schools in Korea were analyzed; 202 were male, 206 were female, and 34 did not identify their gender. We surveyed their academic adjustment, attribution tendencies, academic stress, and coping efficacy. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: The male group scored higher on academic adjustment, internal attribution tendency, and coping efficacy but lower on academic stress than the female group. Coping efficacy and internal attribution tendency affected the academic adjustment positively while academic stress influenced it negatively. CONCLUSION: The study indicates that students with higher scores on coping efficacy and internal attribution tendency and who have lower scores on academic stress tend to adjust better academically in medical school. Therefore, these findings may be helpful for medical schools in designing effective academic adjustment programs to improve coping efficacy and internal attribution tendency and reduce academic stress. Further, these findings have important implications for planning learning consultation programs, especially in Year 1.
Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Learning ; Male ; Schools, Medical ; Students, Medical

BACKGROUNG: It is controversial whether the use of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) is associated with an increased bone mineral density (BMD) in humans. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of statins on BMD in Korean postmenopausal women. METHODS: Forty-four postmenopausal women (aged 54.3 5.8 years) were included. The statin users (n=24) were administered either simvastain, atorvastatin, pravastatin, or lovastatin. The control group (n=20) did not take statins. BMD of the spine were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was tested as a bone marker. The data were analysed with two-sample t test and paired t-test. RESULTS:The mean annual spinal BMD changes of the study groups were 1.5 5.6% for statin users and 0.2 4.2% for control group. There was no statistically significant difference in mean annual spinal BMD changes (P=0.696). The mean annual ALP changes of the study groups were 5.6 18.1% for the statin users and 0.4 13.9% for the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in mean annual ALP changes (P=0.246). In each group, the spinal BMD significantly was not changed after 1 year (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: This study suggest that statins do not protect from bone loss in Korean postmenopausal women.
Absorptiometry, Photon ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; Bone Density ; Female ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors* ; Lovastatin ; Menopause ; Pravastatin ; Spine ; Atorvastatin Calcium