Rehabilitation treatments after orthopedic surgery promote postoperative healing in humans. In veterinary medicine, there is increased interest in rehabilitation treatments because they are potentially beneficial to animals in the post-operation period. This study examined the effectiveness of rehabilitation treatment in dogs that underwent orthopedic surgeries, including femoral head & neck ostectomy (FHNO) and medial patellar luxation treatment (MPLT). The group that received the rehabilitation treatment after FHNO showed a significantly shorter recovery length of 6.62 weeks compared to those that did not receive the treatment. The other group that received the rehabilitation treatment after MPLT showed a significantly shorter recovery length of 5.01 weeks compared to those that did not receive the treatment. For the qualitative evaluation, the types and frequencies of rehabilitation treatments were monitored. The rehabilitation programs used frequently were heat therapy, laser therapy, passive range of motion, exercise therapy, and aquatic therapy. A standard rehabilitation program after hindlimb surgery was suggested based on the quantitative and qualitative investigation. The results add additional evidence that showed the beneficial effects of rehabilitation treatments in dogs.

A university’s admission policy is established to select applicants who can successfully complete the curriculum. Thus, it is important to develop optimal admissions processes for applicant selection. This study was conducted to infer the most suitable admission processes for veterinary school applicants by examining academic achievement, graduation competency and academic sustainability. It was conducted on students admitted from 2009 to 2018 at one of the veterinary colleges in Korea. The admission methods were divided into, first the regular admission (RA) process, primarily reflecting the results of the College Scholastic Ability Test, and second, the rolling admission processes. The rolling processes were further divided into admission officer-based (AO), high school grade point average-based (GA), essay test-based (ET), admission for the underprivileged (UP) and admission for overseas Koreans and foreigners (OKF). The final grade point average was observed to be higher in the order of the GA, AO and RA groups. The survey on the veterinary graduation competency did not reveal any difference between the regular and rolling admission processes. However, among the latter, AO-based admission showed a higher ratio of outstanding competency levels. In terms of academic sustainability, OKF admission demonstrated a higher rate of failure while RA showed a higher rate of expulsion and dropout. Summarizing the above results, the most successful veterinary applicants were selected through AO-based admission. These results are meaningful in providing the basic information required to establish admission policies for veterinary colleges in Korea.

A university’s admission policy is established to select applicants who can successfully complete the curriculum. Thus, it is important to develop optimal admissions processes for applicant selection. This study was conducted to infer the most suitable admission processes for veterinary school applicants by examining academic achievement, graduation competency and academic sustainability. It was conducted on students admitted from 2009 to 2018 at one of the veterinary colleges in Korea. The admission methods were divided into, first the regular admission (RA) process, primarily reflecting the results of the College Scholastic Ability Test, and second, the rolling admission processes. The rolling processes were further divided into admission officer-based (AO), high school grade point average-based (GA), essay test-based (ET), admission for the underprivileged (UP) and admission for overseas Koreans and foreigners (OKF). The final grade point average was observed to be higher in the order of the GA, AO and RA groups. The survey on the veterinary graduation competency did not reveal any difference between the regular and rolling admission processes. However, among the latter, AO-based admission showed a higher ratio of outstanding competency levels. In terms of academic sustainability, OKF admission demonstrated a higher rate of failure while RA showed a higher rate of expulsion and dropout. Summarizing the above results, the most successful veterinary applicants were selected through AO-based admission. These results are meaningful in providing the basic information required to establish admission policies for veterinary colleges in Korea.

A university’s admission policy is established to select applicants who can successfully complete the curriculum. Thus, it is important to develop optimal admissions processes for applicant selection. This study was conducted to infer the most suitable admission processes for veterinary school applicants by examining academic achievement, graduation competency and academic sustainability. It was conducted on students admitted from 2009 to 2018 at one of the veterinary colleges in Korea. The admission methods were divided into, first the regular admission (RA) process, primarily reflecting the results of the College Scholastic Ability Test, and second, the rolling admission processes. The rolling processes were further divided into admission officer-based (AO), high school grade point average-based (GA), essay test-based (ET), admission for the underprivileged (UP) and admission for overseas Koreans and foreigners (OKF). The final grade point average was observed to be higher in the order of the GA, AO and RA groups. The survey on the veterinary graduation competency did not reveal any difference between the regular and rolling admission processes. However, among the latter, AO-based admission showed a higher ratio of outstanding competency levels. In terms of academic sustainability, OKF admission demonstrated a higher rate of failure while RA showed a higher rate of expulsion and dropout. Summarizing the above results, the most successful veterinary applicants were selected through AO-based admission. These results are meaningful in providing the basic information required to establish admission policies for veterinary colleges in Korea.

A university’s admission policy is established to select applicants who can successfully complete the curriculum. Thus, it is important to develop optimal admissions processes for applicant selection. This study was conducted to infer the most suitable admission processes for veterinary school applicants by examining academic achievement, graduation competency and academic sustainability. It was conducted on students admitted from 2009 to 2018 at one of the veterinary colleges in Korea. The admission methods were divided into, first the regular admission (RA) process, primarily reflecting the results of the College Scholastic Ability Test, and second, the rolling admission processes. The rolling processes were further divided into admission officer-based (AO), high school grade point average-based (GA), essay test-based (ET), admission for the underprivileged (UP) and admission for overseas Koreans and foreigners (OKF). The final grade point average was observed to be higher in the order of the GA, AO and RA groups. The survey on the veterinary graduation competency did not reveal any difference between the regular and rolling admission processes. However, among the latter, AO-based admission showed a higher ratio of outstanding competency levels. In terms of academic sustainability, OKF admission demonstrated a higher rate of failure while RA showed a higher rate of expulsion and dropout. Summarizing the above results, the most successful veterinary applicants were selected through AO-based admission. These results are meaningful in providing the basic information required to establish admission policies for veterinary colleges in Korea.

A university’s admission policy is established to select applicants who can successfully complete the curriculum. Thus, it is important to develop optimal admissions processes for applicant selection. This study was conducted to infer the most suitable admission processes for veterinary school applicants by examining academic achievement, graduation competency and academic sustainability. It was conducted on students admitted from 2009 to 2018 at one of the veterinary colleges in Korea. The admission methods were divided into, first the regular admission (RA) process, primarily reflecting the results of the College Scholastic Ability Test, and second, the rolling admission processes. The rolling processes were further divided into admission officer-based (AO), high school grade point average-based (GA), essay test-based (ET), admission for the underprivileged (UP) and admission for overseas Koreans and foreigners (OKF). The final grade point average was observed to be higher in the order of the GA, AO and RA groups. The survey on the veterinary graduation competency did not reveal any difference between the regular and rolling admission processes. However, among the latter, AO-based admission showed a higher ratio of outstanding competency levels. In terms of academic sustainability, OKF admission demonstrated a higher rate of failure while RA showed a higher rate of expulsion and dropout. Summarizing the above results, the most successful veterinary applicants were selected through AO-based admission. These results are meaningful in providing the basic information required to establish admission policies for veterinary colleges in Korea.

Background: Among various diseases that accompany pain, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is one of the most frustrating for patients and physicians. Recently, many studies have shown functional and anatomical abnormalities in the brains of patients with CRPS. The calcium-related signaling pathway is important in various physiologic processes via calmodulin (CaM) and calcium-calmodulin kinase 2 (CaMK2). To investigate the cerebral mechanism of CRPS, we measured changes in CaM and CaMK2 expression in the cerebrum in CRPS animal models. Methods: The chronic post-ischemia pain model was employed for CRPS model generation. After generation of the animal models, the animals were categorized into three groups based on changes in the withdrawal threshold for the affected limb: CRPS-positive (P), CRPS-negative (N), and control (C) groups. Western blot analysis was performed to measure CaM and CaMK2 expression in the rat cerebrum. Results: Animals with a decreased withdrawal threshold (group P) showed a significant increment in cerebral CaM and CaMK2 expression (P = 0.013 and P = 0.021, respectively). However, groups N and C showed no difference in CaM and CaMK2 expression. Conclusions The calcium-mediated cerebral process occurs after peripheral injury in CRPS, and there can be a relationship between the cerebrum and the pathogenesis of CRPS.

The leaner mouse carries a mutation in the gene encoding the alpha1A subunit of P/Q-type calcium channels. Leaner mice exhibit extensive cerebellar granule and Purkinje cell loss that results in cerebellar dysfunction. A previous study suggested that a small population of leaner Purkinje cells undergo apoptosis, however the cell death mode of the rest of degenerating Purkinje cells has not been identified. In order to investigate the mechanisms underlying leaner Purkinje cell death, gene arrays that contain 243 cell death related genes were carried out. To increase the chance of detecting Purkinje cell specific genes, laser capture microdissection was employed to obtain Purkinje cell enriched samples. The gene array analysis revealed several potential genes that are involved in autophagic cell death pathway including cathepsin D, a key lysosomal protease that triggers autophagic degradation. Further analysis on LC3, which is a hallmark for autophagic cell death showed that leaner Purkinje cells are degenerating via autophagic process. The present study provides evidence that calcium channel defects trigger different modes of neurodegeneration in the cerebellum.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Autophagy ; Calcium Channels ; Cathepsin D ; Cell Death ; Cerebellar Diseases ; Cerebellum ; Laser Capture Microdissection ; Mice ; Purkinje Cells

The leaner mouse carries a mutation in the gene encoding the alpha1A subunit of P/Q-type calcium channels. Leaner mice exhibit extensive cerebellar granule and Purkinje cell loss that results in cerebellar dysfunction. A previous study suggested that a small population of leaner Purkinje cells undergo apoptosis, however the cell death mode of the rest of degenerating Purkinje cells has not been identified. In order to investigate the mechanisms underlying leaner Purkinje cell death, gene arrays that contain 243 cell death related genes were carried out. To increase the chance of detecting Purkinje cell specific genes, laser capture microdissection was employed to obtain Purkinje cell enriched samples. The gene array analysis revealed several potential genes that are involved in autophagic cell death pathway including cathepsin D, a key lysosomal protease that triggers autophagic degradation. Further analysis on LC3, which is a hallmark for autophagic cell death showed that leaner Purkinje cells are degenerating via autophagic process. The present study provides evidence that calcium channel defects trigger different modes of neurodegeneration in the cerebellum.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Autophagy ; Calcium Channels ; Cathepsin D ; Cell Death ; Cerebellar Diseases ; Cerebellum ; Laser Capture Microdissection ; Mice ; Purkinje Cells

Influenza virus infection is a zoonosis that has great socioeconomic effects worldwide. Influenza infection induces respiratory symptoms, while the influenza virus can infect brain and leave central nervous system sequelae. As children are more vulnerable to infection, they are at risk of long-term neurological effects once their brains are infected. We previously demonstrated that functional changes in hippocampal neurons were observed in mice recovered from neonatal influenza infection. In this study, we investigated changes in myelination properties that could affect neural dysfunction. Mice were infected with the influenza virus on postnatal day 5. Tissues were harvested from recovered mice 21-days post-infection. The expression levels for myelin basic protein (MBP) were determined, and immunohistochemical staining and transmission electron microscopy were performed. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses showed that mRNA and protein expressions increased in the hippocampus and cerebellum of recovered mice. Increased MBP-staining signal was observed in the recovered mouse brain. By calculating the relative thickness of myelin sheath in relation to nerve fiber diameter (G-ratio) from electron photomicrographs, an increased G-ratio was observed in both the hippocampus and cerebellum of recovered mice. Influenza infection in oligodendrocyte-enriched primary brain cell cultures showed that proinflammatory cytokines may induce MBP upregulation. These results suggested that increased MBP expression could be a compensatory change related to hypomyelination, which may underlie neural dysfunction in recovered mice. In summary, the present results demonstrate that influenza infection during the neonatal period affects myelination and further induces functional changes in influenza-recovered mouse brain.
Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Brain ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Central Nervous System ; Cerebellum ; Child ; Cytokines ; Hippocampus ; Humans ; Influenza, Human ; Mice ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Myelin Basic Protein ; Myelin Sheath ; Nerve Fibers ; Neurons ; Oligodendroglia ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger ; Up-Regulation