To elucidate a possible prognostic factor, we studied 91 cases of breast carcinoma for the expression of n-tn23 protein using an immunohistochemical method, and compared these results with the known prognostic parameters of the breast carcinoma. The mn23 protein was intensely stained in the cytoplasm and/or the nucleus of carcinoma cells in 82 cases(90.1%). There were two patterns of cytoplasmic staining; heterogeneous pattern and homogeneous pattern. Among the positive cases, 43 cases(47.2%) were heterogeneous while 39 cases(42.8%) were homogeneous. Axillary lymph node metastases(p<0.005) was found more frequently in the heterogeneous pattern group(79.0%) than in the homogeneous pattern group(41.0%). There was no significant correlation between nm23 protein expression and other parameters such as patient age, tumor size, estrogen receptor, histopathologic grade, and p53 overexpression. Although axillary lymph node metastasis was correlated with the disease free status(p<0.0005) and patient survival (p<0.05), they showed no correlation with nin23 expression. Multivariate analysis showed that axillary lymph node metastasis was the only prognostic indicator(p<0.05), and the expression of nm23 protein was of borderline significance. The results suggest that the homogeneous and/or granular cytoplasmic expression of mn23 protein plays a role in the suppression of nodal metastasis in breast carcinoma and might contribute in predicting patient survival.
Neoplasm Metastasis

BACKGROUND:Metronome guidance is a feasible and effective feedback technique to improve the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The rate of the metronome should be set between 100 to 120 ticks/minute and the speed of ventilation may have crucial effect on the quality of ventilation. We compared three different metronome rates (100, 110, 120 ticks/minute) to investigate its effect on the quality of ventilation during metronome-guided 30:2 CPR. METHODS:This is a prospective, randomized, crossover observational study using a RespiTrainer?r. To simulate 30 chest compressions, one investigator counted from 1 to 30 in cadence with the metronome rate (1 count for every 1 tick), and the participant performed 2 consecutive ventilations immediately following the counting of 30. Thirty physicians performed 5 sets of 2 consecutive (total 10) bag-mask ventilations for each metronome rate. Participants were instructed to squeeze the bag over 2 ticks (1.0 to 1.2 seconds depending on the rate of metronome) and deflate the bag over 2 ticks. The sequence of three different metronome rates was randomized. RESULTS:Mean tidal volume significantly decreased as the metronome rate was increased from 110 ticks/minute to 120 ticks/minute (343±84 mL vs. 294±90 mL, P=0.004). Peak airway pressure significantly increased as metronome rate increased from 100 ticks/minute to 110 ticks/minute (18.7 vs. 21.6 mmHg, P=0.006). CONCLUSION:In metronome-guided 30:2 CPR, a higher metronome rate may adversely affect the quality of bag-mask ventilations. In cases of cardiac arrest where adequate ventilation support is necessary, 100 ticks/minute may be better than 110 or 120 ticks/minute to deliver adequate tidal volume during audio tone guided 30:2 CPR.

In ocular surgery, many studies have been carried but in order to evaluate intraocular pressure chance during induction and maintenance of anesthesia. In this study, Vecuronium (Norcuron), new monoquaternary analogue of pancuronium, has been used in a group of patient undergoing elective sugery in order to evaluate its influe-nce on intraocular pressure. 40 patients without a history of eye digease, in age from 20 to 60 years, were evaluated. Their condition fell into ASA class l. On arrival, initial measurement of intraocular pressure(as control value) was taken with Shiotg tonometer after instilling a 0.5% pontocaine into conjuntival sac. Subsequent measurements were taken after thiopental injeotion as soon at the lid reflex was lost, then 2 minutes after Vecuronium injection, 1,3,5,10 and 20 minutes after endot-racheal intuhation. Blood pressure and pulse rate were measured together. The results were as follows, 1. At 2 minutes after intubation, intraocular pleasure was decreased as compared with the control value. 2. At 1 minute after intutation, intraocular pressure was more increased than the value of 2 minutes after vecuronium injection. but was not significantly changed as compared with control valule. 3. All values measured followed 3 minutes after intubation were significantly derceased. 4. Mean arterial pressure and pulse rate were increased at 1 minute after intubation but all the other values were not significantly changed as compared with control value.
Anesthesia ; Arterial Pressure ; Blood Pressure ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure* ; Intubation ; Pancuronium ; Pleasure ; Reflex ; Tetracaine ; Thiopental ; Vecuronium Bromide*

Kallmann's syndrome is characterized by hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism resulting from insufficient release of GnRH and associated with anosmia or hyposmia, which has been related to agenesis of olfactory bulbs. We experienced a case of 17 year-old Kallmann's syndrome woman and a case of successful pregnancy of 29 year-old Kallmann's syndrome woman with hMG and hCG treatment and present two cases with a review of literatures.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Female ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; Kallmann Syndrome* ; Olfaction Disorders ; Olfactory Bulb ; Pregnancy*

Transient synovitis of the hip is non-specific inflammation and self limited condition, which is most common cause of painful limping in children under 10 years of age. Ultrasonography presents some merits, simple, rapid, non-invasive, low cost, repetitive to assess soft structures in and around the hip joint compared to other diagnostic methods. We prospectively studied 32 cases of unilateral transient synovitis at OPD from Jan. 1988 to Oct. 1989 using 5-7.5 MH, probe ultrasonography. 2-times serial check up in symptomatic and asymptomatic stage about capsule thickness and bone-capsule distance in 3 different positions of the both hips were performed for comparision. The following results were obtained; 1. Boys were 25 cases (78%) and 26 cases (83%) were between 3 and 7 years old of age. 2. Bone-capsule distance in ultrasonography revealed abnormal increase in 72%. 3. External rotation position showed wider bone-capsule distance than other position. 4. Capsule thickness was 3.3mm in diseased and 3.0mm in sound, 0.3mm decrease after treatment. 5. Bone-capsule distance was 4.5mm in symptomatic stage, 2.7mm in asymptomatic stage, 1.8mm decrease after treatment in averge.
Child ; Hip Joint ; Hip ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Prospective Studies ; Synovitis ; Ultrasonography

OBJECTIVE: The UE Video Stylet VL400-S2 (UE Medical Devices, Newton, MA, USA) and Ambu aScope (Ambu, Copenhagen, Denmark) were recently introduced rigid video stylets and single-use fiberoptic bronchoscopes, respectively. To compare the utility of the two sets of equipment, this study conducted a randomized cross-over study using a manikin. METHODS: Twenty-eight novice doctors performed tracheal intubation on an airway trainer manikin (Laerdal, Stavanger, Norway). The sequence of intubation devices was randomized. The following data were measured and recorded: time to complete tracheal intubation (primary end point), overall success rate, time to see the glottis, and time to tube passage. RESULTS: The video stylet (24 seconds; interquartile range [IQR] 18–36) showed a significantly shorter completion time of the tracheal intubation than the fiberoptic bronchoscope (43 seconds; IQR, 32–84) (P<0.001). The overall success rate of tracheal intubation was 96.4% (27/28) in the video stylet and 82.1% (23/28) in the fiberoptic bronchoscope, and the cumulative success rate over time to complete intubation was significantly higher in the video stylet (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The video stylet was superior to the fiberoptic bronchoscope in terms of the time to complete and the cumulative success rate of intubation for novice operators in manikin model. Further research will be needed to determine the degree of education required to use fiberoptic bronchoscopy.
Bronchoscopes ; Bronchoscopy ; Cross-Over Studies ; Education ; Glottis ; Intubation ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Manikins ; Microscopy, Video

A specimen of Beauveria bassiana was collected from Yang-yang of Gangwon province, Korea in October 2006. Conidial isolates were prepared from the specimen by the dilution method and inoculated in brown rice medium for fruiting body production. After nearly two months incubation for perithecial stromata developed from single isolates as well as from their combinations. They were determined as Cordyceps bassiana by observing the stromatal characters and their conidial structures. This is the first report of the development of C. bassiana from B. bassiana cultures.
Beauveria ; Cordyceps ; Fruit ; Korea

No abstract available.
Tibia*

Lecanora is one of the largest genera of lichens worldwide. These lichens can be easily seen, and are commonly found on trees and rocks. Most Korean Lecanora species belong to the Lecanora subfusca group, which has well-defined superficial thallus, red–brown apothecia, and soredia. The new species of L. neobarkmaniana grows on rocks, farinose soredia coalescing, usually covering the whole thallus, and containing atranorin and zeorin. We used internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) sequence data to identify the phylogenetic relationship across Lecanora sequence data and found the species to form different clades. In this study, we reported some interesting findings and described the genetic relationship with other sorediate Lecanora species and the characteristics of the new species. An identification key for the Korean sorediate Lecanoraspecies is given.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate the mechanism of the primary afferent input to spread of contralateral hyperalgesia in the persistent muscle pain model in the rat. METHOD: Muscle pain was induced by twice repeated intramuscular injections of pH 6.0 buffered saline into the unilateral gastrocnemius muscle of the rats. Change of mechanical withdrawal threshold to von-Frey filament was measured after ipsilateral laser irradiation, anesthetic blockade with lidocaine and dorsal rhizotomy (L2~L6) to reduce primary afferent input from the tissue injury. RESULTS: Bilateral persistent mechanical hyperalgesia in the hind paw was evoked after second injection. Ipsilateral laser irradiation, lidocaine injection and dorsal rhizotomy had no effect on the contralateral spread of mechanical hyperalgesia. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that contralateral hyperalgesia was produced by, but didn't need to be maintained by inputs from an injury. Therefore, central nervous systems are responsible for the contralateral spread of hyperalgesia.
Animals ; Central Nervous System ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hyperalgesia* ; Injections, Intramuscular ; Lidocaine ; Models, Animal* ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Myalgia* ; Rats* ; Rhizotomy