No abstract available.
Forearm* ; Lower Extremity*

We Performed an epidemiologic survey for strabismus among primary school-children in order to investigate the number of strabismus from March 1995 to February 1996. Cover-uncover test and prism cover test were used. The results were as follows:1. Out of 9054 1st grade primary school-children examined, 322(3.56%) were found as strabismus. 2. 322 cases of strabismus include 262(81.4%)exodeviation and 60(18.6%) esodeviation. 3. Alternating type and monocular type strabismus have no difference both in exotropia and esotrapia. 4. In exotropia and esotropia, no sexual predilection was found. 5. Most portion of deviation angle distribute between 11 to 20 prism diopter. 6. The difference of number of strabismus between big cities and small cities was statistically insignificant(p>0.05).
Epidemiology ; Esotropia ; Exotropia ; Korea* ; Strabismus*

Strabismus fixus is a rare condition in which one or both eyes are anchored, as a rule, in a position of extreme adduction or abduction. The involved eye is "fixed" in this position and cannot be moved, and the forced duction test will confirm the immobility of the eye. The condition generally is thought to be congenital and caused by fibrosis, which would explain the loss of elasticity of the rectus muscle. Divergent forms of strabismus fixus not accompanied by ptosis or generalized fibrosis of the extraocular muscle are even more unusual. The authors experienced one case of divergent strabismus fixus in a 23 year old female patient. We performed complete disinsertion of both lateral rectus muscle and recession of conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule, combined with 11 mm resection of medial rectus muscle of left eye. The result of that surgery, however, was not satisfactory. So we performed 11 mm resection of medial rectus muscle of right eye and temporary fixation of the globes with traction sutures in a position of abbuction on both eyes at 3 days after the first surgery. After 4 weeks, patient was remained 60 delta exodeviation but primary position and ocular motility were improved.
Conjunctiva ; Elasticity ; Exotropia* ; Female ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Strabismus ; Sutures ; Tenon Capsule ; Traction ; Young Adult

A 46 year old man with unilateral Purtscher's retinopathy is described. On ophthalmic examination he had macular edema and multiple exudates and hemorrhages at the posterior pole of the left eye. Fluorescein angiography demonstrated impaired arteriolar flow, capillary non-per fusion, venous staining, and macular edema. The pathogenesis of Purtscher's retinopathy is unknown. Arterial and venous pressure elevation leading to vascular damage in the nerve fiber layer seems to be the most plausible explanation.
Capillaries ; Exudates and Transudates ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Macular Edema ; Middle Aged ; Nerve Fibers ; Venous Pressure

We analyzed the change of the amount of postoperative deviation between pediatric group (younger than 18 years) and adult. group (older than 18 years) with intermittent exotropia. All of the 141 patients were treated by bilateral recession of lateral rectus muscle. Among 141 patients, 111 were overcorrected immediately after surgery. Among 111 overcorrected patients, 64 were children and 47 were adults. Fifty of 64 overcorrected pediatric patients were satisfied after 6 m.on`ths after surgery, but only 22 of 47 overcorrected adult patients were satisfied. Twenty two of 26 overcorrected 10-15delta immediately after surgery in pediatric group and 17 of 24 overcorrected under 10delta, in adult group were satisfied after 6 months after surgery. Between the two groups, the figure of change of postoperative deviation were different. In pediatric group, postoperative deviation was rnuch naore decreased at. 6 months after surgery, but, changes were less significant in adult group. We suggest that immediately after surgery, a small consecutive esotropia of 10 to ISA is desirable in children but. esotropia less than IDA in adults.
Adult* ; Child ; Esotropia ; Exotropia* ; Humans

PURPOSE: To clinically determine the proportion of people with a fixed dissociating eye in patients with dissociated vertical deviation (DVD). METHODS: Medical records of 86 patients diagnosed with DVD in our department of ophthalmology from 2001 to November 2011 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 71 patients, 25 (35.21%) showed a higher degree of dissociation in the fixating eye, 26 (36.62%) had higher dissociation in the non-fixating eye; 20 of 25 patients with a higher level of dissociation in the fixating eye and 22 of 26 patients with a higher level of dissociation in the non-fixating eye received surgical correction for DVD, such as superior rectus muscle recession or inferior oblique muscle anterior transposition. CONCLUSIONS: In DVD, the proportion of patients showing a higher level of dissociation in the fixating eye was significant. Patients with DVD require thorough evaluation; measurement of the level of dissociation and determination of the fixating eye is beneficial for management and surgical intervention.
Humans ; Medical Records ; Ophthalmology ; Retrospective Studies

The orbital blowout fracture has been increasingly noticed due to trauma and traffic accidents. The diagnostic confirmation is early established by CT scan, but indication for surgical treatment, the technique for repair, and timing of repair are still controversial. The main symptoms of orbital fracture include diplopia, enophthalmos and hypesthesia in distributions of the infraorbital nerve. These are usually accompained by other symptoms such as emphysema of the eyelids, ptosis, epistaxis and ocular injury. Among these diplopia and enophthalmos are considered as main surgical indications. Especially operation is performed when the contractibility of extraocular muscle(EOM) is changed due to incarceration of EOM and persistent diplopia at straight forward gaze or downward gaze. Many theories for sugical repiar timing are insisted but at present the accepted timing for operation is posttraumatic 1-2 weeks. To prevent the fibrosis and atrophy of extraocular muscle from the incarceration of EoM due to orbital fracture is the indication of surgery. To estimate the optimal time to perform the operation, we checked the EOM contractivilty by electromyography before and after artificial muscle incareceration in the rabbit. The results were as follows. The differences in RMS(root mean square) and MRV(mean rectified voltage) were not shown before or after the artivicial incarceration of extraocular muscle until the 5th day of the surgery. But the RMS and MRV measurements performed on the 7th day decreased significantly and these decreases were sustained. According to the results of this experiment. if the incarceration of the extraocular muscle due to the orbital fracture is diagnosed, relieving the incarceration by surgery before the 7th day can prevent the change of EOM contractibility. It will provide significant benefit, in maintaining the normal functioin of the extraocualr muscle.
Accidents, Traffic ; Atrophy ; Diplopia ; Electromyography ; Emphysema ; Enophthalmos ; Epistaxis ; Eyelids ; Fibrosis ; Hypesthesia ; Orbit ; Orbital Fractures ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

PURPOSE: To assess the myotoxicity of local anesthetics and antibiotics which are considered as the main causes of diplopia and extraocular motility disturbance following cataract surgery. METHODS: A total of 48 rabbits were classified into 4 groups. The control group received an injection of 0.3 ml normal saline in the subconjunctival space above the superior rectus muscle. The first experimental group received an injection of the same amount of a local anesthetic (2% lidocaine) in the same manner as the control group. The second group received an injection of 0.3 ml of a local anesthetic directly into the extraocular muscle (superior rectus muscle), the third group received an injection of 0.3 ml of an antibiotic (gentamicin) in the subconjunctival space above the superior rectus muscle. Histologic and electron microscopic changes following injections were compared over time in each group. RESULTS: Light microscopic findings showed that subconjunctival injections of antibiotics caused the most severe inflammatory and fibrotic reactions of the muscular fascicle, whereas subconjunctival injections of local anesthetics led to the least damage of the muscular fascicle and less infiltration of inflammatory cells. Changes in histological findings showed that necrotic muscle fibers and inflammatory cell infiltration at 1 week following injections. Basophilic myogenous satellite cells indicating regeneration of the damaged muscles appeared thereafter. At 2 and 4 weeks, the group injected with antibiotic showed local and consistent infiltration of inflammatory cells and fibrosis, whereas the groups injected with anesthetics showed regeneration of most of the damaged fascicle. CONCLUSIONS: In terms of temporary or permanent diplopia following an injection of local anesthetics or antibiotics after cataract surgery, toxicity of anesthetics or antibiotics on extraocular muscle is the main cause from these Results.
Anesthetics ; Anesthetics, Local ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Basophils ; Cataract* ; Diplopia* ; Fibrosis ; Gentamicins ; Lidocaine ; Muscles ; Rabbits ; Regeneration

Topical povidone-iodine ophthalmic solution prevents a proliferation of con-junctival bacterial colony-forming units and decreases the species compared with antibiotic. We sought to determine whether these beneficial effects of povidone-iodine could be sustained during the first postoperative week. In 36 eyes of 28 consecutive patients, one or two drops of either a broadspectrum antibiotics[Ofloxacin(r)] or povidoneiodine 5% were placed in the treated eye or eyes at the conclusion of cataract surgery and three times daily during the first postoperative week. Bacterial cultures were taken from both eyes at the end of surgery before instillation of the eyedrops and again 1 week later. Twenty untreated eyes served as a control group. During the first postoperative week, the number of colonyforming units and species increased in both treatment groups. Relative to the control group, both medications effectively reduced the mean number of colonyforming units at 1 week, but their effects on colony-forming units did not significantly differ from each other. At 1 week, the species count increased 242% in the antibiotic group but only 104% in the povidone-iodine group. Compared to the control group, eyes that received povidoneiodine had a significantly lower species count[p<0.0 5]. Povidone-iodine ophthalmic solution is an alternative to postoperative topical antibiotics because of its effectiveness in controling conjunctival bacterial colony-forming units and species, its relatively low cost, and its easy availability.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Cataract* ; Humans ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Povidone-Iodine* ; Stem Cells

Adjustable strabismus surgery sometimes fails because of changes in the angle of deviation which develops a few days after surgery. Therefore, the delayed adjustment was recommended; however, the postoperative tissue adhesion disturbed this delayed adjustment. We studied 20 eyes of 10 rabbits; adjustable strabismus surgery was performed on each of the right lateral rectus muscles by hemichangback technique for control study and the surgery on each left lateral rectus muscle was performed by same methods using polyethylene film. The polyethylene film was wrapped around the muscle allowing it to be placed between the muscle and sclera, and between the muscle and cojunctiva. The mean duration of postoperative tissue adhesion was 1.6 +/- 0.70 days in control group and 18.7 +/- 7.09 days in polyethylene group. These results suggested that the use of polyethylene film provides a valuable resource to defer the adjustment by preventing the postoperative tissue adhesion.
Muscles ; Polyethylene* ; Rabbits* ; Sclera ; Strabismus* ; Tissue Adhesions