No abstract available.

No abstract available.

The obstructive sleep apnea syndrome can occur due to various etiologies in children. In otherwise healthy children, adenotonsillar hypertrophy is the leading cause of childhood obstuctive sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea caused by adenotonsillar hypertrophy can lead to a variety of symptoms and sequelae such as behavioral disturbance, enuresis, failure to thrive, developmental delay, cor pulmonale, and hypertension. So if obstructive sleep apnea is clinically suspected, proper treatment should be administered to the patient after diagnostic examinations. More than 80% improvement is seen in symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea caused by adenotonsillar hypertrophy in children after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. However, when it is impossible to treat the patient using surgical methods or residual symptoms remained after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, additional treatments such as weight control, sleep position change, and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), should be considered. This paper reports a case using weight control and Auto-PAP to control mild sleep apnea and snoring, which in long-term follow-up were not resolved after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy for severe obstructive sleep apnea.
Adenoidectomy ; Adenoids ; Child ; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure ; Enuresis ; Failure to Thrive ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Hypertrophy ; Palatine Tonsil ; Pulmonary Heart Disease ; Sleep Apnea Syndromes ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive* ; Snoring ; Tonsillectomy

No abstract available.
Capsaicin* ; Eosinophils* ; Humans

No abstract available.
Animals ; Capsaicin* ; Goblet Cells* ; Rats*

The innate immune system and its complex interplay with the adaptive immune system are increasingly being recognized as important factors in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Adaptive immune components, including resident and inflammatory cells, and their associated mediators, have been the subject of most research in CRS. For this reason, theories of CRS pathogenesis have involved the concept that inflammation, rather than infection, is the dominant etiologic factor in CRS. Therefore, glucocorticoids are increasingly used to treat CRS. This review will outline our current knowledge of action mode of glucocorticoids in CRS.
Cytokines ; Glucocorticoids ; Immune System ; Inflammation ; Receptors, Glucocorticoid

Nasal polyposis is a common chronic disease of the nasal or paranasal sinus mucosa, with inflammatory cell infiltration and structural modifications of the epithelium and lamina propria. They are rounded projections of edematous mucous membrane that arise from the paranasal sinus cavities, causing very disabling symptoms and requiring longterm treatment with corticosteroids or even surgery. Their histopathology typically consists of an overlying intact respiratory epithelium with the underlying edematous or myxomatous stroma, showing various degrees of tissue remodeling in epithelium, glands, connective tissue and vessels. Although numerous papers have recently dealt with the pathogenesis of this nasal disease, the etiology and pathogenesis of nasal polyp are still controversial, and further investigation is needed. The present review is an update on the pathomechanisms of nasal polyposis.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Chronic Disease ; Connective Tissue ; Epithelium ; Mucous Membrane ; Nasal Polyps* ; Nose Diseases ; Respiratory Mucosa

We investigated the active proliferation sites of epithelial cells in normal nasal mucosa by immunohistochemical staining of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), the marker of S phase of cell cycle and active cell proliferation. The whole nasal mucosa of the ten normal Sprague-Dawley rats were processed for PCNA immunolabeling. In respiratory portion, distinctly positive reaction was seen mainly in the anterior aspect, that is, the nuclei of squamous and non-ciliated cuboidal/transitional epithelium. These types of epithelial cells are transformed to pseudostratified ciliated epithelium in the posterior direction where positive reaction became scanty. In olfactory epithelium, the nuclei immunoreactive for PCNA were distinct in some area, but absent in other adjacent areas, lacking of region-specific immunolabeling that was observed in respiratory mucosa. These results suggest that anterior portion of nasal cavity is the main proliferation zone of normal nasal respiratory epithelium as well as the main site of protective function. In contrast, the neurogenesis of the olfactory nerve cells is not site-specific, indicating that any region covered by olfactory mucosa may be the main proliferation zone.
Animals ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Proliferation ; Epithelial Cells ; Epithelium ; Nasal Cavity ; Nasal Mucosa* ; Neurogenesis ; Olfactory Mucosa ; Olfactory Nerve ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Respiratory Mucosa ; S Phase

No abstract available.
Capsaicin*

No abstract available.
Mucociliary Clearance* ; Sinusitis*