No abstract available.
Appendicitis* ; Child* ; Humans

The main purposes of this study were to survey and assess the current situation surrounding solid waste generation in school foodservices, to identify and evaluate the measures(reduction and recycling programs) taken by the foodservices for waste disposal, and to suggest appropriate reform measures to improve the current status, especially in terms of environmental preservation. Questionnaires on solid waste management practices were mailed to 206 school foodservice dietitians in the Kyungbuk region : a 64.0%(N = 130) response rate was obtained. While there are food waste and packaging waste generated from the foodservice operations, about a third(34.1%) of the foodservice operations were responsible for the disposal of both the food wastes and packaging wastes. About 90% of school foodservice managers were responsible for managing solid wastes. The primary recycling methods of leftovers generated from the school food service operations were livestock feed(76.0%). About 60.0% of school foodservice managers conducted the food waste reduction program. The performance by the foodservice managers in reducing the food waste was not satisfactory in several fields, such as developing environmentally friendly menus or abiding by the standard recipe, etc. In addition, the government assistance system was not properly working in the food service management. In conclusion, we should focus on increasing the performance in reducing the food waste by the foodservice managers, strengthening and facilitating the government assistance system for the food waste management and to develop education methods and education materials for food waste management.
Education ; Food Services ; Humans ; Livestock ; Nutritionists ; Postal Service ; Product Packaging ; Recycling ; Solid Waste* ; Waste Management ; Surveys and Questionnaires

No abstract available.
Cervix Uteri* ; Female ; Humans ; Mass Screening* ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*

Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries is a rate congenital heart disease. In this discase, there is discordance between both the atria and ventricles and the ventricles and great vessels. The anatomic left ventricle lies on the rightside and is connected to the pulmonic trunk, whereas the anatomic right ventricles lies on the left side and functions as the systemic ventricle. Most patients have associated another cardiac anomalies and conduction disturbance.Less commonly, ventricular extrasystoles, paroxismal supraventricular tachycardia, WPW preexitaion and atrial fibrillation may be obserced. We report an adult case of congenitally corrected transposition of great arteries associated with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and heart failure.
Adult* ; Arteries* ; Atrial Fibrillation* ; Chymopapain ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Heart Failure* ; Heart Ventricles ; Heart* ; Humans ; Tachycardia, Supraventricular ; Transposition of Great Vessels ; Ventricular Premature Complexes

PURPOSE: We studied 250 men who are over 50 years of age to evaluate the feature of benign prostatic hyperplasia and its impact on quality of life in rural areas of the Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred fifty men participated in this study. Urinalysis, urine culture, uroflowmetry, digital rectal examination and serum PSA were examined on all the participants. Transrectal ultrasonography(TRUS) were performed in 234 men. RESULTS: Of these 250 men, symptom prevalence was 78.71%. The age distributions of 50-59, 60-69, 70-79 and > or =80 years of age were 91, 111, 43 and 5 men respectively(mean 62.4). The mean prostatic volumes for 50-59, 60-69, 70-79 and > or =80 years of age group were 27.33cm3, 29.95cm3, 28.89cm3 and 33.55cm3. Of these, its volume difference was not statistically significant. Of 250 men, mildly symptomatic group(IPSS< or =7) was 22.5%, moderately symptomatic group(8< or =IPSS< or =19) 43%, and severely symptomatic group(IPSS> or =20) 34.5%. Severely symptomatic group showed higher mean age(p=0.0478), lower maximal flow rate(MFR)(p=0.024) and average flow rate(AFR)(p=0.003). Mildly symptomatic group showed smaller prostatic volume(p=0.013). Mean quality of life score for mildly, moderately, and severely symptomatic group were 2.09, 3.50, and 4.51 points, the score of which showed statistical difference(p<0.001). On comparison between the group of MFR<15ml/sec and the group of MFR> or =15ml/sec, statistical difference for the mean age (p<0.001), voided volume (p<0.001), QOL (p=0.02) and symptom score (p=0.002) was found. But no difference was found in prostatic volume(p=0.261). MFR, AFR and voided volume did not show significant correlation with prostatic volume. But serum PSA level was strongly correlated with prostatic volume. The AFR was a greatest determinant to symptom score in multiple regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The symptom prevalence in rural areas of the Korea is not any less than that of western society. This study shows that it too has a great impact on the quality of life in rural Korea. The prostatic volume itself had no significance on symptom score nor uroflowmetric parameters. The uroflowmetric parameter such as MFR is more important in evaluating symptomatic patients than prostatic volume itself.
Age Distribution ; Digital Rectal Examination ; Gangwon-do* ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Prevalence ; Prostatic Hyperplasia* ; Quality of Life* ; Ultrasonography ; Urinalysis

No abstract available.
Animals ; Epithelium* ; Guinea Pigs* ; Guinea* ; Muscle, Smooth*

OBJECTIVES: Medical complications are common and often serious in patients with eating disorders, however, little is known about complications in patients with bulimia nervosa. METHODS: We conducted a retrospectively investigation of clinical characteristics and hematologic, biochemical, hormonal, and bone density evaluations in 90 Korean women with bulimia nervosa together with 100 healthy Korean women of comparable ages. RESULTS: In patients with bulimia nervosa, 20% were anemic, 3.3% were hypokalemic, 14.4% had increased alanine aminotransferase, 24.4% were lower in serum protein, 8.8% were hypercholesterolemia, and 77.8% were hyperamylasemia. Osteopenia at any one site was identified in 26.7% of patients and the lowest-ever body mass index was the main determinant of bone mineral density in patients with bulimia nervosa. CONCLUSION: In this study, many features of medical findings reported in anorexia nervosa were found in bulimia nervosa, however, the findings in bulimia nervosa were milder form than in anorexia nervosa. Management of any physical abnormalities in bulimia nervosa should focus on correction of the eating disorder.
Alanine Transaminase ; Anorexia Nervosa ; Body Mass Index ; Bone Density ; Bone Diseases, Metabolic ; Bulimia Nervosa* ; Bulimia* ; Feeding and Eating Disorders ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperamylasemia ; Hypercholesterolemia ; Retrospective Studies

Chondrosarcoma of the temporal bone is a rare lesion. Clinically it has been confused with chordoma, glomus jugulare tumor and meningioma, among other conditions, and due to its anatomic location, cranial nerve palsy is frequently observed. We report a case involving a 50-year-old woman with chondrosarcoma of the temporal bone.
Chondrosarcoma* ; Chordoma ; Cranial Nerve Diseases ; Female ; Glomus Jugulare Tumor ; Humans ; Meningioma ; Middle Aged ; Temporal Bone*

PURPOSE: The expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP- 2) by cancer cells has been implicated in metastasis through cancer cell invasion of the basement membranes mediated by a degradation of collagen IV. However, the MMP-2 proenzyme requires proteolytic activation for its physiologic or pathologic role. We tried to 1) compare expression and activation of MMP-2 in breast cancers with benign tumors, 2) determine the correlation between the actviation of MMP-2 in breast cancer and established prognostic factors, 3) observe whether MMP-2 is expressed and activated in axillary lymph nodes as well, and 4) determine the degree of correlation between MMP-2 activity in lymph nodes and metastatic status, if MMP-2 is expressed in lymph node. METHODS: The specimens came from 11 fibroadenomas, 32 invasive ductal carcinoma and 129 axillary lymph nodes from cancer cases. Pro-MMP-2 cDNA transfected MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured and the conditioned media from them was used for a control. Zymography was used to monitor MMP-2 activation through the detection of the inactive proenzyme form (72 kDa) and the active form (62 kDa). Immunohistochemical staining was also performed for the localization of MMP-2 expression in tissues. RESULTS: 1) 72 kDa was expressed in all fibroadenomas and cancers, while 62 kDa was expressed in only 10 cases of fibroadenomas and all cancers. MMP-2 activity (62 kDa/72 kDa +62 kDa) was significantly higher in cancers than in fibroadenomas (P=0.014). 2) MMP-2 activity in cancers was significantly correlated with nodal metastasis (P=0.040). 3) The expression of MMP-2 in lymph nodes was very low and MMP-2 activity was not correlated with metastatic status. However, the immunohistochemical staining showed different staining patterns between the metastatic and non-metastatic nodes. CONCLUSION: We suggest that a measurement of the activation of MMP-2 could be useful as a prognostic marker representing metastatic potential in breast cancer. However, the low expression of MMP-2 in lymph nodes is an interesting subject for further study.
Basement Membrane ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Ductal ; Collagen ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; DNA, Complementary ; Fibroadenoma ; Lymph Nodes ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2* ; Neoplasm Metastasis*

BACKGROUND: Recently many studies reported that the postoperative pain was prevented or decreased from preoperative regional anesthesia by preventing the establishment of central sensitization(pre-emptive analgesia). Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy of preincisional lidocaine infiltration on the postoperative pain. METHODS: We conducted a study to compare preinfiltrating group with 1% lidocaine (30 ml), postinfiltrating group with 1% lidocaine (30 ml) and non-infiltrating group in 45 patients scheduled for elective inguinal herniorrhaphy. During operation, all patients received a general anesthesia with thiopental, isoflurane and nitrous oxide in oxygen. Postoperatively, pain scores on visual analogue scale (VAS) and on verbal rating scale(VRS) at rest, coughing and movement from supine into sitting position were assessed. Also the time to first request for an on-demand postoperative analgesics and the total dose of postoperative analgesics were assessed. And the number of patients who didn't require any analgesics during postoperative period was assessed. RESULTS: The VAS and VRS at rest, coughing, movement were low in preinfiltrating group than in non-infiltrating group and postinfiltrating group postoperatively, but it was statistically significant only in early postoperative period. The time to first request for an on-demand postoperative analgesics occurred later in preinfiltrating group than in non-infiltrating group and in postinfiltrating group and the total dose of supplemental analgesics (ketorolac) was smaller in the preinfiltrating group than in non-infiltrating group and postinfiltrating group, and the patients without analgesic treatment was less in the preinfiltrating group than in non-infiltrating group and postinfiltrating group, but it was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with inguinal herniorrhaphy, we can not support the pre-emptive analgesia clinically with preincisional lidocaine infiltration.
Analgesia ; Analgesics ; Anesthesia, Conduction ; Anesthesia, General ; Anesthetics ; Cough ; Herniorrhaphy* ; Humans ; Isoflurane ; Lidocaine* ; Nitrous Oxide ; Oxygen ; Pain, Postoperative* ; Postoperative Period ; Thiopental