No abstract available.
Appendicitis* ; Child* ; Humans

The main purposes of this study were to survey and assess the current situation surrounding solid waste generation in school foodservices, to identify and evaluate the measures(reduction and recycling programs) taken by the foodservices for waste disposal, and to suggest appropriate reform measures to improve the current status, especially in terms of environmental preservation. Questionnaires on solid waste management practices were mailed to 206 school foodservice dietitians in the Kyungbuk region : a 64.0%(N = 130) response rate was obtained. While there are food waste and packaging waste generated from the foodservice operations, about a third(34.1%) of the foodservice operations were responsible for the disposal of both the food wastes and packaging wastes. About 90% of school foodservice managers were responsible for managing solid wastes. The primary recycling methods of leftovers generated from the school food service operations were livestock feed(76.0%). About 60.0% of school foodservice managers conducted the food waste reduction program. The performance by the foodservice managers in reducing the food waste was not satisfactory in several fields, such as developing environmentally friendly menus or abiding by the standard recipe, etc. In addition, the government assistance system was not properly working in the food service management. In conclusion, we should focus on increasing the performance in reducing the food waste by the foodservice managers, strengthening and facilitating the government assistance system for the food waste management and to develop education methods and education materials for food waste management.
Education ; Food Services ; Humans ; Livestock ; Nutritionists ; Postal Service ; Product Packaging ; Recycling ; Solid Waste* ; Waste Management ; Surveys and Questionnaires

No abstract available.
Cervix Uteri* ; Female ; Humans ; Mass Screening* ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*

Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries is a rate congenital heart disease. In this discase, there is discordance between both the atria and ventricles and the ventricles and great vessels. The anatomic left ventricle lies on the rightside and is connected to the pulmonic trunk, whereas the anatomic right ventricles lies on the left side and functions as the systemic ventricle. Most patients have associated another cardiac anomalies and conduction disturbance.Less commonly, ventricular extrasystoles, paroxismal supraventricular tachycardia, WPW preexitaion and atrial fibrillation may be obserced. We report an adult case of congenitally corrected transposition of great arteries associated with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and heart failure.
Adult* ; Arteries* ; Atrial Fibrillation* ; Chymopapain ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Heart Failure* ; Heart Ventricles ; Heart* ; Humans ; Tachycardia, Supraventricular ; Transposition of Great Vessels ; Ventricular Premature Complexes

Benign endobronchial tumors are rare diseases with an incidenced of between 1 and 5% of all lung tumors. An endobronchial fibroepithelial polyp is an extremely rare form of benign bronchial tumor. Clinically, an endobronchial fibroepithelial polyp causes an airway obstruction and obstructive pneumonitis as does other endobronchial tumors. Therefore, it is important to differentiate an endobronchial fibroepithelial polyp pathologically from other benign endobronchial tumors and bronchogenic carcinomas. Here, we report a case of an endobronchial fibroepithelial polyp, in a 25-year-old man who had suffered from chest discomfort upon deep breathing with a brief review of the relevant literature.
Adult ; Airway Obstruction ; Carcinoma, Bronchogenic ; Humans ; Lung ; Pneumonia ; Polyps* ; Rare Diseases ; Respiration ; Thorax

BACKGROUND: Recently many studies reported that the postoperative pain was prevented or decreased from preoperative regional anesthesia by preventing the establishment of central sensitization(pre-emptive analgesia). Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy of preincisional lidocaine infiltration on the postoperative pain. METHODS: We conducted a study to compare preinfiltrating group with 1% lidocaine (30 ml), postinfiltrating group with 1% lidocaine (30 ml) and non-infiltrating group in 45 patients scheduled for elective inguinal herniorrhaphy. During operation, all patients received a general anesthesia with thiopental, isoflurane and nitrous oxide in oxygen. Postoperatively, pain scores on visual analogue scale (VAS) and on verbal rating scale(VRS) at rest, coughing and movement from supine into sitting position were assessed. Also the time to first request for an on-demand postoperative analgesics and the total dose of postoperative analgesics were assessed. And the number of patients who didn't require any analgesics during postoperative period was assessed. RESULTS: The VAS and VRS at rest, coughing, movement were low in preinfiltrating group than in non-infiltrating group and postinfiltrating group postoperatively, but it was statistically significant only in early postoperative period. The time to first request for an on-demand postoperative analgesics occurred later in preinfiltrating group than in non-infiltrating group and in postinfiltrating group and the total dose of supplemental analgesics (ketorolac) was smaller in the preinfiltrating group than in non-infiltrating group and postinfiltrating group, and the patients without analgesic treatment was less in the preinfiltrating group than in non-infiltrating group and postinfiltrating group, but it was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with inguinal herniorrhaphy, we can not support the pre-emptive analgesia clinically with preincisional lidocaine infiltration.
Analgesia ; Analgesics ; Anesthesia, Conduction ; Anesthesia, General ; Anesthetics ; Cough ; Herniorrhaphy* ; Humans ; Isoflurane ; Lidocaine* ; Nitrous Oxide ; Oxygen ; Pain, Postoperative* ; Postoperative Period ; Thiopental

Purpose: Catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) frequently occurs in the patients with an indwelling Foley catheter, and it can cause serious morbidity or mortality. However, there have been no reports about quorum sensing mechanisms in indwelling Foley catheter. It's our purpose to find out the quorum sensing mechanisms of isolated bacteria from biofilm in Foley catheters. Materials and Methods: Silicone Foley catheters were placed in 90 patients with neurogenic bladders. At the 3rd, 5th, 7th, 14th and 30th day after the catheters were placed, the catheters were removed and the biofilm formations were evaluated by routine culture and microscopy. The ygaG gene, which was reported to be an autoinducer synthase gene was carried out cloning in E. coli. The quantity of the mRNA expression of the ygaG gene was analyzed according to the time by competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: 289 different types of bacteria were isolated by cultivation. The most common species were Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Serratia, Proteus and Escherichia species. The autoinducer synthase gene, such as the ygaG gene for Escherichia coli, was detected by RT-PCR. On competitive RT-PCR of the ygaG gene, the mRNA expression was 3.77x10(9)copies/microliter at the 3rd day, 5.94x10(7)copies/microliter at the 5th day, 8.07x10(7)copies/microliter at the 7th day, 2.51x10(6)copies/microliter at the 14th day and 6.81x10(8)copies/microliter at the 30th day. Therefore, the expression of the autoinducer synthase gene was observed at the early insertion period and it was then maintained. Conclusions: This is the first study to document the autoinducer synthase gene expression associated quorum sensing mechanism in CAUTI. The quorum sensing mechanism may be a new target for the management of CAUTI.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacteria ; Biofilms ; Catheters* ; Clone Cells ; Cloning, Organism ; Escherichia ; Escherichia coli ; Gene Expression* ; Humans ; Klebsiella ; Microscopy ; Mortality ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Proteus ; Pseudomonas ; Quorum Sensing* ; Reverse Transcription ; RNA, Messenger ; Serratia ; Silicones ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Tract Infections* ; Urinary Tract*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: A similar gender-associated trend in obesity is observed worldwide. Nevertheless, systematic analyses of gender-specific characteristics in the general Korean population are rare. METHODS: We analyzed the prevalence of obesity in Korean adults aged > or = 19 years based on data collected from the Korea Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I to IV, and verified the obesity prevalence characteristics by gender. RESULTS: The prevalence of obesity in Korean males increased during the past 12 years from 25.1% to 35.7%, and the trend for an increase in obesity was significant in all age groups (p < 0.001). In contrast, no significant trend over the past 12 years was identified for females, but the prevalence of obesity in the 30- to 39-year, 40- to 49-year, and 50- to 59-year subgroups decreased significantly (p < 0.05). However, the obesity prevalence in the 60- to 69-year and > 70-year female subgroups increased significantly (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We observed a gradually widening gender disparity due to an increase in the prevalence of male obesity and a decrease in the obesity prevalence among young and middle-aged women.
Adult ; Age Distribution ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Female ; *Health Status Disparities ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nutrition Surveys ; Obesity/*epidemiology ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Sex Distribution ; Sex Factors ; Time Factors ; Young Adult

Chondrosarcoma of the temporal bone is a rare lesion. Clinically it has been confused with chordoma, glomus jugulare tumor and meningioma, among other conditions, and due to its anatomic location, cranial nerve palsy is frequently observed. We report a case involving a 50-year-old woman with chondrosarcoma of the temporal bone.
Chondrosarcoma* ; Chordoma ; Cranial Nerve Diseases ; Female ; Glomus Jugulare Tumor ; Humans ; Meningioma ; Middle Aged ; Temporal Bone*

PURPOSE: The expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP- 2) by cancer cells has been implicated in metastasis through cancer cell invasion of the basement membranes mediated by a degradation of collagen IV. However, the MMP-2 proenzyme requires proteolytic activation for its physiologic or pathologic role. We tried to 1) compare expression and activation of MMP-2 in breast cancers with benign tumors, 2) determine the correlation between the actviation of MMP-2 in breast cancer and established prognostic factors, 3) observe whether MMP-2 is expressed and activated in axillary lymph nodes as well, and 4) determine the degree of correlation between MMP-2 activity in lymph nodes and metastatic status, if MMP-2 is expressed in lymph node. METHODS: The specimens came from 11 fibroadenomas, 32 invasive ductal carcinoma and 129 axillary lymph nodes from cancer cases. Pro-MMP-2 cDNA transfected MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured and the conditioned media from them was used for a control. Zymography was used to monitor MMP-2 activation through the detection of the inactive proenzyme form (72 kDa) and the active form (62 kDa). Immunohistochemical staining was also performed for the localization of MMP-2 expression in tissues. RESULTS: 1) 72 kDa was expressed in all fibroadenomas and cancers, while 62 kDa was expressed in only 10 cases of fibroadenomas and all cancers. MMP-2 activity (62 kDa/72 kDa +62 kDa) was significantly higher in cancers than in fibroadenomas (P=0.014). 2) MMP-2 activity in cancers was significantly correlated with nodal metastasis (P=0.040). 3) The expression of MMP-2 in lymph nodes was very low and MMP-2 activity was not correlated with metastatic status. However, the immunohistochemical staining showed different staining patterns between the metastatic and non-metastatic nodes. CONCLUSION: We suggest that a measurement of the activation of MMP-2 could be useful as a prognostic marker representing metastatic potential in breast cancer. However, the low expression of MMP-2 in lymph nodes is an interesting subject for further study.
Basement Membrane ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Ductal ; Collagen ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; DNA, Complementary ; Fibroadenoma ; Lymph Nodes ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2* ; Neoplasm Metastasis*