No abstract available.
Appendicitis* ; Child* ; Humans

The main purposes of this study were to survey and assess the current situation surrounding solid waste generation in school foodservices, to identify and evaluate the measures(reduction and recycling programs) taken by the foodservices for waste disposal, and to suggest appropriate reform measures to improve the current status, especially in terms of environmental preservation. Questionnaires on solid waste management practices were mailed to 206 school foodservice dietitians in the Kyungbuk region : a 64.0%(N = 130) response rate was obtained. While there are food waste and packaging waste generated from the foodservice operations, about a third(34.1%) of the foodservice operations were responsible for the disposal of both the food wastes and packaging wastes. About 90% of school foodservice managers were responsible for managing solid wastes. The primary recycling methods of leftovers generated from the school food service operations were livestock feed(76.0%). About 60.0% of school foodservice managers conducted the food waste reduction program. The performance by the foodservice managers in reducing the food waste was not satisfactory in several fields, such as developing environmentally friendly menus or abiding by the standard recipe, etc. In addition, the government assistance system was not properly working in the food service management. In conclusion, we should focus on increasing the performance in reducing the food waste by the foodservice managers, strengthening and facilitating the government assistance system for the food waste management and to develop education methods and education materials for food waste management.
Education ; Food Services ; Humans ; Livestock ; Nutritionists ; Postal Service ; Product Packaging ; Recycling ; Solid Waste* ; Waste Management ; Surveys and Questionnaires

No abstract available.
Cervix Uteri* ; Female ; Humans ; Mass Screening* ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*

Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries is a rate congenital heart disease. In this discase, there is discordance between both the atria and ventricles and the ventricles and great vessels. The anatomic left ventricle lies on the rightside and is connected to the pulmonic trunk, whereas the anatomic right ventricles lies on the left side and functions as the systemic ventricle. Most patients have associated another cardiac anomalies and conduction disturbance.Less commonly, ventricular extrasystoles, paroxismal supraventricular tachycardia, WPW preexitaion and atrial fibrillation may be obserced. We report an adult case of congenitally corrected transposition of great arteries associated with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and heart failure.
Adult* ; Arteries* ; Atrial Fibrillation* ; Chymopapain ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Heart Failure* ; Heart Ventricles ; Heart* ; Humans ; Tachycardia, Supraventricular ; Transposition of Great Vessels ; Ventricular Premature Complexes

Trichophyton(T.) rubrum is an anthropophilic dermatophyte that is found all over the world. It has become one of the most important causative agents in tinea pedis and onychomycosis. But tinea capitis caused by T. rubrum is rare. Tinea capitis is uncommon in an adult. We report a case of tinea capitis caused by T. rubrum in an 81-year-old woman. She presented with localized asymptomatic well-demarcated thick scaly erythematous patches on the fronto-vertex scalp for 6 months. She was diagnosed as seborrheic dermatitis in local clinic and was treated with topical steroid. However, the lesion was not improved and spreading. Culture from scalp lesion of patient was grown on Sabouraud's dextrose agar and showed typical whitish cottony colonies of T. rubrum. She was treated with 200 mg of oral itraconazole daily for 8 weeks. The skin lesions improved 8 weeks after treatment, and recurrence has not been observed.
Adult ; Agar ; Aged, 80 and over* ; Arthrodermataceae ; Dermatitis, Seborrheic ; Female ; Glucose ; Humans ; Itraconazole ; Onychomycosis ; Recurrence ; Scalp ; Skin ; Tinea Capitis* ; Tinea Pedis ; Tinea* ; Trichophyton*

BACKGROUND: The p53 and retinoblastoma(Rb) tumor suppressor genes are associated with the pathogenesis of several types of human cancer. Substantial. proportion of the primary lung cancers or cell lines have been reported to have the p53 and/or the Rb gene mutations. But so far there is no report on the analysis of the Rb gene polymorphism as one of the genetic susceptibility marker. This study was undertaken to establish the gene frequencies of the polymorphic genotypes of the p53 and Rb genes in Koreans to evaluate the possible involvement of these genotypes as a risk factor of lung cancer. METHODS: In this study 145 controls without previous and present tumor history and 128 lung cancer patients were subjected to analysis The two intragenic polymorphisms of the p53 gene(exon 4/AccII, intron 6/MspI) and one intron 17/XbaI polymorphism of the Rb gene were analysed by the method of polymersae chain react lion-restriction fragment length polymorphisms(PCR-RFLPS). The genotype of the intron 3/16 bp repeat polymorphism of p53 was determined by PCR and direct gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the genotype distributions of the p53 gene between lung cart cert patients and controls. But heterozygotes(Arg/Pro) of the exon 4/AcclII polymorphisms were slightly over-represented than controls, especially in the Kreyberg type I cancer, which was known 13 be associated with smoking. The intron 3/16 bp duplication and the intron 6/MspI polymorphisms were in complete linkage disequilibrium. About 95% of the individuals were homozygotes of the common alleles both in the 16 duplication and MspI polymorphisms, and no differences were deteced in the genotype distributions between lung cancer patients and controls. Overall genotype distributions of the Rb gene polymorphisms between lung cancer patients and controls were not significantly different However, the genotype distributions in the Kreyberg type I cancer were significantly different from those of controls(p=0.0297) or adenocarcinomas(p=0.0008). It was noticeable that 73.4% of the patients with adenocarcinomas were heterozygotes(r1/r2) whereas 39.2% of the Kreyberg type I cancer were heterozygous at this polymorphisms. In the lung cancer patients, significant differences were a]so noted between the high dose smokers and low dose smokers including non-smokers(p=0.0258). The relative risk to Kreyberg type I cancer was significantly reduced in the individuals with the genotype of r1/r2(odds ratio=0.46, 95%C.I.=0.25-0.86, p=0.0124). The combined genotype distribution of the exon 4/AccII of the p53 and the intron 17 Rb gene polymorphisms in Kreyberg type I cancers were significantly different from dose of controls or adenocarcinomas. The highest odds ratio were observed in the individuals with the genotypes of Arg/pro and r2/r2(odds ratio=1.97, 95%C.I.=0.84-4.59) and lowest one was in the patients with Arg/Arg, r1/r2 genotype(odds ratio=0.54, 95%C.I.=0.25-1.14). CONCLUSION: The p53 and the Rb gene polymorphisms modulate the risk of smoking induced lung cancer development in Koreans. However, the exact mechanism of risk modulation by these polymorphism remains to be determined. For more discrete clarification of associations between specific genotypes and lung cancer risk, the evaluations of these polymorphisms in other ethnics and more number of patients will be needed.
Adenocarcinoma ; Alleles ; Cell Line ; Electrophoresis ; Exons ; Gene Frequency ; Genes, p53 ; Genes, Retinoblastoma ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genotype ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Introns ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Lung Neoplasms* ; Lung* ; Odds Ratio ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking

PURPOSE: The expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP- 2) by cancer cells has been implicated in metastasis through cancer cell invasion of the basement membranes mediated by a degradation of collagen IV. However, the MMP-2 proenzyme requires proteolytic activation for its physiologic or pathologic role. We tried to 1) compare expression and activation of MMP-2 in breast cancers with benign tumors, 2) determine the correlation between the actviation of MMP-2 in breast cancer and established prognostic factors, 3) observe whether MMP-2 is expressed and activated in axillary lymph nodes as well, and 4) determine the degree of correlation between MMP-2 activity in lymph nodes and metastatic status, if MMP-2 is expressed in lymph node. METHODS: The specimens came from 11 fibroadenomas, 32 invasive ductal carcinoma and 129 axillary lymph nodes from cancer cases. Pro-MMP-2 cDNA transfected MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured and the conditioned media from them was used for a control. Zymography was used to monitor MMP-2 activation through the detection of the inactive proenzyme form (72 kDa) and the active form (62 kDa). Immunohistochemical staining was also performed for the localization of MMP-2 expression in tissues. RESULTS: 1) 72 kDa was expressed in all fibroadenomas and cancers, while 62 kDa was expressed in only 10 cases of fibroadenomas and all cancers. MMP-2 activity (62 kDa/72 kDa +62 kDa) was significantly higher in cancers than in fibroadenomas (P=0.014). 2) MMP-2 activity in cancers was significantly correlated with nodal metastasis (P=0.040). 3) The expression of MMP-2 in lymph nodes was very low and MMP-2 activity was not correlated with metastatic status. However, the immunohistochemical staining showed different staining patterns between the metastatic and non-metastatic nodes. CONCLUSION: We suggest that a measurement of the activation of MMP-2 could be useful as a prognostic marker representing metastatic potential in breast cancer. However, the low expression of MMP-2 in lymph nodes is an interesting subject for further study.
Basement Membrane ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Ductal ; Collagen ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; DNA, Complementary ; Fibroadenoma ; Lymph Nodes ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2* ; Neoplasm Metastasis*

Benign endobronchial tumors are rare diseases with an incidenced of between 1 and 5% of all lung tumors. An endobronchial fibroepithelial polyp is an extremely rare form of benign bronchial tumor. Clinically, an endobronchial fibroepithelial polyp causes an airway obstruction and obstructive pneumonitis as does other endobronchial tumors. Therefore, it is important to differentiate an endobronchial fibroepithelial polyp pathologically from other benign endobronchial tumors and bronchogenic carcinomas. Here, we report a case of an endobronchial fibroepithelial polyp, in a 25-year-old man who had suffered from chest discomfort upon deep breathing with a brief review of the relevant literature.
Adult ; Airway Obstruction ; Carcinoma, Bronchogenic ; Humans ; Lung ; Pneumonia ; Polyps* ; Rare Diseases ; Respiration ; Thorax

Chondrosarcoma of the temporal bone is a rare lesion. Clinically it has been confused with chordoma, glomus jugulare tumor and meningioma, among other conditions, and due to its anatomic location, cranial nerve palsy is frequently observed. We report a case involving a 50-year-old woman with chondrosarcoma of the temporal bone.
Chondrosarcoma* ; Chordoma ; Cranial Nerve Diseases ; Female ; Glomus Jugulare Tumor ; Humans ; Meningioma ; Middle Aged ; Temporal Bone*

BACKGROUND: Recently many studies reported that the postoperative pain was prevented or decreased from preoperative regional anesthesia by preventing the establishment of central sensitization(pre-emptive analgesia). Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy of preincisional lidocaine infiltration on the postoperative pain. METHODS: We conducted a study to compare preinfiltrating group with 1% lidocaine (30 ml), postinfiltrating group with 1% lidocaine (30 ml) and non-infiltrating group in 45 patients scheduled for elective inguinal herniorrhaphy. During operation, all patients received a general anesthesia with thiopental, isoflurane and nitrous oxide in oxygen. Postoperatively, pain scores on visual analogue scale (VAS) and on verbal rating scale(VRS) at rest, coughing and movement from supine into sitting position were assessed. Also the time to first request for an on-demand postoperative analgesics and the total dose of postoperative analgesics were assessed. And the number of patients who didn't require any analgesics during postoperative period was assessed. RESULTS: The VAS and VRS at rest, coughing, movement were low in preinfiltrating group than in non-infiltrating group and postinfiltrating group postoperatively, but it was statistically significant only in early postoperative period. The time to first request for an on-demand postoperative analgesics occurred later in preinfiltrating group than in non-infiltrating group and in postinfiltrating group and the total dose of supplemental analgesics (ketorolac) was smaller in the preinfiltrating group than in non-infiltrating group and postinfiltrating group, and the patients without analgesic treatment was less in the preinfiltrating group than in non-infiltrating group and postinfiltrating group, but it was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with inguinal herniorrhaphy, we can not support the pre-emptive analgesia clinically with preincisional lidocaine infiltration.
Analgesia ; Analgesics ; Anesthesia, Conduction ; Anesthesia, General ; Anesthetics ; Cough ; Herniorrhaphy* ; Humans ; Isoflurane ; Lidocaine* ; Nitrous Oxide ; Oxygen ; Pain, Postoperative* ; Postoperative Period ; Thiopental