No abstract available.
Urinary Retention*

We report two cases of recurrent extramarnmary Pagets disease after wide local excision. Both cases involved the scrotum and the penoserotal junction, respectively. On histopathological examination, we could observed many Paget cells confined to the epidermis and the hair follicle, but not invading the underlying dermis in both cases. There was no evidence of internal malignancy. Both cases were treated with wide local reexcision.
Dermis ; Epidermis ; Hair Follicle ; Paget Disease, Extramammary* ; Scrotum

BACKGROUND: Recent evidences suggest that anesthetic action within the spinal cord is important in suppressing somatic responses to painful stimuli. Intrathecal endothelin-1 (ET-1) is known to have antinociceptive effect. The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether intrathecal ET-1 may influence the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in rats and access the role of the spinal cord as the sites of anesthetic action in blocking somatic responsiveness. METHODS: In Sprague-Dawley rats fitted with an indwelling intrathecal catheter, we determined the MAC of isoflurane using a tail-clamp technique as a painful stimulus, combined with end-tidal anesthetic sampling. In experiment 1, the control MAC was determined and changes of control MAC were observed after intrathecal ET-1 (4x10-2 nmol, 4x10-3 nmol) administration. In experiment 2, we observed the effects of L or N type Ca++ channel blocker such as verapamil (50 g) or W-conotoxin (0.5 g) on the MAC after measurement of the control MAC. In experiment 3, after measurement of the control MAC, ET-1 (10-2 nmol) was administered intrathecally and the MAC was determined again. Next, intrathecal verapamil (50 g) or W-conotoxin (0.5 g) was injected. After that, the MAC was determined again. RESULTS: In experiment 1, ET-1 decreased the MAC of isoflurane and its effect was sustained over 2 hours. In experiment 2, the MAC, determined following administration of verapamil or W-conotoxin, was not different from that of the control. In experiment 3, the MAC was decreased after ET-1 administration and then increased following injection of verapamil or W-conotoxin. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that ET-1, in relation to calcium, might play an important role in determining the MAC of isoflurane in the spinal cord.
Animals ; Calcium ; Catheters ; Endothelin-1* ; Isoflurane* ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spinal Cord ; Verapamil

LPS and IFN-r induce nitric oxide synthase in macrophages and the resultant NO causes apoptotic cell death in the activated macrophages. NO production and apoptosis were inhibited by N-monomethyl L-arginine (NMMA), a competitive inhibitor of NO synthase. To study the role of BCL-X proteins, RAW 264.7 cells were transfected with the expression vectors with human bcl-Xl or bcl-Xs cDNAs, respectively. Stable transfectants were selected and confirmed by RT-PCR. NO production in response to LPS and IFN-r caused apoptosis in RAW 264.7 cells and vector transfected control cells within 24 hr. Both NO production and apoptosis were inhibited by N(G)-monomethyl L-arginine (NMMA). In contrast, bcl-Xs transfectant appeared slightly susceptible and bcl-X(L)< transfectant appeared slightly resistant, although NO production was similar to control cells. These results suggest that bcl-X proteins play roles in both positive and negative regulation of apoptosis induced by NO.
Apoptosis* ; Arginine ; bcl-X Protein* ; Cell Death ; DNA, Complementary ; Humans ; Macrophages* ; Nitric Oxide ; Nitric Oxide Synthase

Leiomyoma of the urethra is a rare entity. We experienced a case of leiomyoma in the female urethra recently. Twenty-eight-year-old multiparous woman admitted to the Department of Urology, Busan National University Hospital with the chief complaint of a painless mass on the anterior lip of the external urethral meatus. The mass was easily removed by electroresection. It was an ovoid mass, 3.0 x 2.0 x 2.0 cm in size, and was firm and well-encapsulated. Histologically it was confirmed as a benign leiomyoma.
Busan ; Female* ; Humans ; Leiomyoma* ; Lip ; Urethra* ; Urology

Intradural schwannoma accompanied with torsion is rare. Intradural lumbar schwannoma was found in a 63-year-old man presenting with right sacral pain radiating to the lower extremity. This mass showed minimal enhancement on MRI. The tumor's location changed each time on MRI and CT-myelography. The patient underwent surgical resection and the cauda equina, linked to this schwannoma, was severely twisted.

Intradural schwannoma accompanied with torsion is rare. Intradural lumbar schwannoma was found in a 63-year-old man presenting with right sacral pain radiating to the lower extremity. This mass showed minimal enhancement on MRI. The tumor's location changed each time on MRI and CT-myelography. The patient underwent surgical resection and the cauda equina, linked to this schwannoma, was severely twisted.

Under the direct endoscopic manipulation, 15 internal urethrotomies in 14 cases with urethral stricture were applied at our department from March to August, 1983. Following results were obtained: 1. The cause of 14 cases hospitalized, were injury in 13 cases and tuberculosis in one. The sites of urethral stricture were anterior urethra in 8 cases and posterior urethra in 6. The managements before applying direct visual internal urethrotomy were dilatation in 1 case having tuberculous urethral stricture and initial cystostomy just after in 13 cases. In 3 cases of them, Otis internal urethrotomy and urethroplasty had performed in one previously. 2. The length of urethral stricture estimate on preoperative retrograde urethrogram was less than 0.5cm in 3 cases, 0.6 to 1.0 cm in 5, 1.1 to 2.0 cm in 2, and 2.1 to 3.0 cm in 4, all of them were less than 3.0 cm. 3. The periods of catheter indwelling postoperatively were less than 3 days in 6 cases, 4 to 7 days in 7 and more than 8 days in only one, predominantly less than 7 days in 13. 4. The maximum flow rates were excellent or improved postoperatively. Voiding cystourethrogram was more valuable than retrograde urethrogram in urethral stricture. 5. Epididymitis in 1 case and urethral bleeding in 2 as postoperative complications were present. These results implied that the visual internal urethrotomy was a valuable method as the management before deciding to perform urethroplasty.
Catheters ; Cystostomy ; Dilatation ; Epididymitis ; Hemorrhage ; Male ; Postoperative Complications ; Tuberculosis ; Urethra ; Urethral Stricture*

Fifteen patients with urethral stricture were treated with Otis urethrotome at our hospital during the period from November 1982 to August 1983. The results were as follows: 1. The age distribution ranges from 13 to 48years old, the mean of 15 cases was 34.7 years old, The causes of urethral stricture were traumatic in 13 cases and iatrogenic in 2. The sites of urethral stricture were anterior urethra in 8 cases and posterior in 7. The preliminary managements before internal urethrotomy were cystostomy in 11 cases, urethroplasty in 3 and internal urethrotomy with Maisonneuve urethrotome in 1. 2. The length of urethral stricture measured on preoperative retrograde urethrogram and < or =0.5 cm in 2 cases, 0.6-1.0 cm in 6, 1.1-2.0 cm in 3 and 2.1-3.0 cm. in 4, All of them revealed < or =3.0 cm. 3. The foley catheter was indwelled for the period from 2 to 6 weeks and mean duration of the indwelling catheter was 19.3 days; < or =3 weeks in 8 cases and >3 weeks in 7. 4. Satisfactory (> or =20 ml/sec) and improved maximum flow (15 to 19 ml/sec) were in 10 cases and unsatisfactory (< or =14 ml/sec) in 5, three of them followed visual internal urethrotomy and satisfactory results were obtained. The retrograde urethrograms were slightly improved postoperatively. 5. Postoperative complications noticed in 3 cases (20%); false way in 2 cases, urethral bleeding associated with fever in one. From above experience, we believe that internal urethrotomy is a valuable method for nearly all types of patent urethral stricture.
Age Distribution ; Catheters ; Catheters, Indwelling ; Cystostomy ; Fever ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Postoperative Complications ; Urethra ; Urethral Stricture*

We attempted to investigate the effects of curricular change on a basic medical science, anatomy, based on academic achievements including Basic Medical Education Examination (BMEE). We performed an analysis between the academic years of 2011 and 2012. Independent-samples t-test for the academic achievements, paired-samples t-test for the promotion, and correlation analysis for the related subcategory of the anatomy based on the results of BMEE, which was done with SPSS 22.0. In this follow-up study for two academic years, the academic achievements decreased as the students went to the next grade under the changed curriculum of anatomy. The academic achievements decreased as the students went to the next grade in the academic year 2012 while it increased in 2011 (p<0.01). Although averages of school evaluations were similar between the academic years, the academic achievements were different from each other: it was higher in first BMEE for 2012, and in second BMEE for 2011 (p<0.05). Although the correlation was not found among school evaluations, first and second BMEE of 2011, the associations were seen both between school evaluations (p<0.01) and each BMEE (p<0.05), respectively, in 2012. These results suggested that professors of medical school should continue to lead the direction of the curriculum improvement and management depending on the academic achievement, and also to monitor all the processes, maintaining a quality of the assessment system although it might be difficult to be representative or generalize for all medial schools.
Curriculum ; Education, Medical* ; Educational Measurement ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Schools, Medical