No abstract available.

PURPOSE: To determine the metabolic characteristics of recurrent stone formers (RSF), we investigated urinary lithogenic factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The 24-hour urine samples of 151 RSF (114 men, 37 women) and 70 normal controls (33 men, 37 women) were analyzed for excretion rate differences of lithogenic and inhibitory constituents such as volume, sodium, phosphorus, uric acid, calcium, magnesium, oxalate, and citrate. The incidence and spectrum of metabolic abnomality in REF were aldo determined. RESULTS: The RSF showed significantly increased excretion of phosphorus (p=0.004), uric acid (p=0.003), and calcium (p=0.007) and decreased in that of citrate (p=0.044). No significant differences were found between the RSF and normal controls with regard to the excretions of sodium, magnesium, oxalate, and volume. The most frequent metabolic abnormality in RSF was hypocitraturia (43.7%), followed by hypernatriuria (41.7%), hypercalciuria (23.2%), and hyperuricosuria (20.5%). At least one metabolic abnormality was found in 118 of out of 151 RSF (78.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that RSF had different urinary excretions of citrate as well as phophorus, uric acid, and calcium compared to the normal subjects and metabolic abnomalities were found up to 80% of them. The 24-hour urine study would be an effective means for metabolic evaluation in RSF although diagnostic accuracy increases with repeated examination.
Calcium ; Citric Acid ; Humans ; Hypercalciuria ; Incidence ; Magnesium ; Male ; Phosphorus ; Sodium ; Uric Acid ; Urolithiasis

No abstract available.
Hematuria* ; Humans ; Mass Screening* ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms* ; Urinary Bladder*

The development of drug resistance is a major obstacle in effective cancer chemotherapy. Multidrug resistance(MDR) is a widely studied phenomenon of interest to both clinicians and research workers because many different cancer chemotherapeutic agents are involved and the genetic basis of MDR is understood to a large extent. Several studies show that the P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated protein(MRP), glutathione-s-transferase-pi(GST-pi), and DNA topoisomerase II(topo II) have a complex role for the malignant phenotypes and MDR. Clearly, there is a need to investigate links between the diverse characteristics of tumors and the emergence of drug resistance. We have therefore used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) assay to analyze expressions of MDR-related genes including the mdr1, MRP, topo II and GST-t gene in normal testis and testis tumors. The results are as follows: 1. The expression levels of topo II and GST-n genes in testis tumors, especially in the nonseminomatous germ cell tumor(NSGCT), were significantly higher than in normal testis(p=0.015 and 0.025, respectively). 2. The MDR-related gene expressions in testis tumors did not appear to be correlated with stage(p>0.05 in each case) and chemotherapy status(p>0.05 in each case). 3. MRP expression levels in primary tumors were much higher than in metastatic tumors. 4. In NSGCT, the coexpressions of the topo II and GST-r or MRP genes were significantly correlated but, seminoma showed no correlation between MDR-related genes in the same sample. Although the mechanism of these connection are not known, the results suggest that these expression patterns and higher GST-rexpression in NSGCF compared to seminoma confer diverse characteristics including difference in the presentation of tumor markers and the responsiveness to chemotherapy on NSGCF and seminoma.
DNA Topoisomerases, Type I ; DNA Topoisomerases, Type II ; Drug Resistance ; Drug Therapy ; Gene Expression* ; Germ Cells* ; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal* ; P-Glycoprotein ; Phenotype ; Seminoma ; Testis* ; Biomarkers, Tumor

A retrospective analysis of 25 patients seen at Seoul National University Hospital in whom transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder developed at age thirty or younger was conducted to determine whether age alone influenced the course of disease or not. The tumors are usually low grade and low stage. There was no progression of disease in recurrent cases. There was no correlation between recurrence and size or multiplicity of bladder tumor in patients less than 31 years old. In cases of invasive and metastatic tumors, no evidence was found to suggest that transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in patients thirty years of age and under differs clinically from that of older patients.
Adult ; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell* ; Humans ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Seoul ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; Urinary Bladder*

PURPOSE: Cancer development depends on not only activation of oncogene or inactivation of tumor suppressor gene but also activities of enzymes involved in the metabolism of various carcinogenic xenobiotics, such as arylamine N-acetyltrasferase 2(NAT 2) and glutathione S-transferase (GSTM1). We analyzed whether genetic polymorphisms of NAT2 and GSTM1 were correlated with the mutation patterns of p53 and H-ras genes in bladder tumor tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 49 bladder cancer patients, we performed direct DNA sequencing for the detection of mutations of p53 and H-ras gene in bladder tumor tissues, and adopted PCR and PCR-RFLP techniques for the analysis of genetic polymorphisms of NAT2 and GSTM1 using patients` blood samples, respectively. RESULTS: In 18 cases, mutations in p53 were detected whereas 1 case carried two mutations; thus total of 19 mutations were detected. Sixteen of these were point mutations including 13 of transversions and 3 of transitions, and others were 1 of frameshift and 2 of microdeletions-insertions. Among 33 patients, H-ras mutations were detected in 5 cases with 2 of transitions and 3 of transversions. The frequencies of slow, intermediate, and rapid acetylator in NAT2 genotyping analysis, were 10.2%, 40.8%, and 49.0%, respectively, and GSTM1 deletions were observed in 73.5%. We could not find any significant correlations between NAT2 or GSTM1 polymorphisms and the occurence of p53(p=0.614, p=0.310) or H-ras(p=0.500, p=0.582) mutations. Also, no apparent associations were seen for specific type of p53 and H-ras mutations according to polymorphisms of NAT2(p=0.456, p=0.600) and GSTM1(p=0.378, p=0.400). CONCLUSIONS: The polymorphisms of NAT2 and GSTM1, conjugating enzymes of foreign compound metabolism, were not considered to influence occurrence and type of mutations in p53 and H-ras in human bladder cancer.
Genes, ras ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Glutathione Transferase ; Humans* ; Metabolism ; Oncogenes ; Point Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms* ; Urinary Bladder* ; Xenobiotics

Disagreement exists about the accuracy of excretory urography in the staging of bladder cancer. During a 2O year period 1O8 of 537 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder had ureteral obstruction on excretory urography at the time of initial diagnosis. 93 patients (86%) had muscle invasion at staging transurethral resection or open resection. Of those patients 37 had total cystectomy, 4 had partial cystectomy, 5 had curative radiation therapy and the remainder had no further treatment. Ureteral obstruction at the time of initial diagnosis of bladder cancer usually indicates muscle invasion and/or metastases. We believe that our data support the usefulness of excretory urography as a staging tool in carcinoma of the bladder.
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell ; Cystectomy ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Ureteral Obstruction ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms* ; Urinary Bladder* ; Urography*

PURPOSE: Numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated a number of potential risk factors related to the initiation and progression of prostate cancer. This study was performed to identify whether smoking, alcohol, past-medical histories and dietary habits were associated with the development of prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A hospital based, age matched, case-control investigation was carried out on 184 prostate cancer patients gathered from 8 university hospitals and 267 control subjects recruited from the same hospitals. The patients and controls were interviewed by a trained interviewer before therapy, using a standard questionnaire concerning detailed histories of smoking, alcohol, medical histories, and dietary habits. RESULTS: Smoking behavior and alcohol consumption were not associated with prostate cancer development. A gastro-intestinal operation, vasectomy and hemorrhoidectomy were risk factors of prostate cancer, as were venereal disease, cholelithiasis pulmonary tuberculosis and hypertension. Conversely, nephrolithiasis was protective against prostate cancer in Koreans. Among the dietary items, almost all fruits (14 in 17 items) were risk factors for prostate cancer, when calculated by the amount of total calories. High intake of fresh vegetables and soybean paste reduced the risk of prostate cancer development. Also, soybean paste stew, fermented soybean soup and kimchi stew showed protective effects against prostate cancer in Koreans. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that soybean paste, fresh vegetables, soup and stew might be valuable for the prevention of prostate cancer in Koreans.
Alcohol Drinking ; Case-Control Studies ; Cholelithiasis ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Food Habits ; Fruit ; Hemorrhoidectomy ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Nephrolithiasis ; Prostate* ; Prostatic Neoplasms* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Risk Factors* ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Soybeans ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary ; Vasectomy ; Vegetables

PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to determine the risk factors for predicting the recurrence in first-time urinary stone formers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 121 patients, who presented at our hospital with first-time urinary stone episodes, between 1996 and 2005, and followed up for at least 3 years, were retrospectively evaluated. Of these, 65 patients (41 males, 24 females) recurred (R group) and 56 (38 males, 18 females) not (NR group) during the follow-up period. The blood chemistry and urinary analytes values, as well as the clinical characteristics between the NR and R groups were compared by gender. p-values less than 0.05 were used to indicate statistical significance. RESULTS: There were no differences in the clinical characteristics between the NR and R groups. A comparison of the blood chemistry showed differences in the phosphate and calcium in men and women (p=0.047 and 0.034), respectively. Greater urinary excretion of phosphates were found in the R group than in the NR group (p=0.018), but was more prominent in men (p=0.006). No significant differences were found between the two groups with regard to metabolic abnormalities. A multivariate analysis revealed that urinary phosphates excretion was the sole predictor for stone recurrence (Exp beta=8.347, p=0.033). CONCLISIONS: Our results suggested that the increased excretion of urinary phosphates was a significant risk factor for stone recurrence, which might be useful as a prognostic marker.
Calcium ; Chemistry ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Phosphates ; Recurrence* ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Urinary Calculi

PURPOSE: To determine if the smoking status and polymorphisms of the glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1) genes were risk factors for bladder tumor and to evaluate the effects of their interaction on bladder tumor development. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and six patients with bladder cancer and 212 age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled in this study. Their smoking status was obtained from a self-completed questionnaire. The GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms were analyzed using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from the isolated genomic DNA. RESULTS: Smoking status was a strong risk factor for the development of bladder tumor (OR: 3.05, 95% CI: 1.46-6.34, p=0.001). The bladder tumor risk increased in the GSTM1-null genotype compared with the GSTM1-positive genotype (OR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.02-2.72, p=0.041). On the other hand, the GSTT1-null genotype had significant protective effect against bladder tumor development (OR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.35-0.91, p= 0.019). The GSTM1-null/GSTT1-positive genotypes had a significant risk factor for bladder tumors compared to the GSTM1-positive/GSTT1-null genotypes (OR: 3.05, 95% CI: 1.46-6.34, p=0.002). Smokers with the GSTM1-null/GSTT1-positive genotypes had a five-fold higher risk for developing bladder tumors than non-smokers with the same genotype and a nine-fold higher risk than non-smokers with the GSTM1-positive/ GSTT1-null genotypes (p=0.001). The GSTM1-null genotype in smokers also correlated with superficial bladder cancer (OR: 2.74, 95% CI: 1.01-7.41, p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking is an independent risk factor for the development of bladder tumors in Korean, and the GSTM1-null and GSTT1-positive genotypes in smokers are important host risk factors. Therefore, smoking cessation particularly in individuals with the GSTM1-null/GSTT1-positive genotypes may prevent bladder tumor development.
DNA ; Genotype ; Glutathione Transferase* ; Glutathione* ; Hand ; Humans ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Risk Factors* ; Smoke* ; Smoking Cessation ; Smoking* ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms* ; Urinary Bladder*