PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare mammography and breast sonography in detection of breast cancer and to suggest reasonable guideline of breast imaging in breast cancer patients under 30 years of age in whom breast cancer shows different clinicopathologic characteristics compared with breast cancer in older women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A. uthors reviewed medical records of 27 patients under 30 years of age with pathologically-proven breast cancer. Age, family history, physical examination findings, indications for breast s0nography were reviewed. Cases in whom breast cancer lesion is detectable and cases in whom not detectable using mammography or breast sonography were reviewed. And then, authors evaluated the usefulness of each method and reasons for nonvisualization of lesion on mammography. RESULTS: Among 27 patients, 25 patients had palpable breast mass as indication of mammography and breast sonography. Cancer lesions were detectable in 16 of 25 patients (64%) on mammography and 24 of 25 patients (96%) on breast ultrasonography. Reasons for nonvisualization of cancer lesions on mammography were dense breast with nodular parenchyma pattern and minimal breast change of ductal carcinoma in situ. CONCLUSION: In breast cancer patients under 30 years of age who have palpable breast mass as a initiaJ, and main clinical problem, breast ultrasonography is superior to mammography in detecting and diagnosing breast cancer. We suggest that guidelines can avoid unnecessary mammography in these patients.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating ; Female ; Humans ; Mammography ; Medical Records ; Physical Examination ; Ultrasonography* ; Ultrasonography, Mammary

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare mammography and breast sonography in detection of breast cancer and to suggest reasonable guideline of breast imaging in breast cancer patients under 30 years of age in whom breast cancer shows different clinicopathologic characteristics compared with breast cancer in older women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A. uthors reviewed medical records of 27 patients under 30 years of age with pathologically-proven breast cancer. Age, family history, physical examination findings, indications for breast s0nography were reviewed. Cases in whom breast cancer lesion is detectable and cases in whom not detectable using mammography or breast sonography were reviewed. And then, authors evaluated the usefulness of each method and reasons for nonvisualization of lesion on mammography. RESULTS: Among 27 patients, 25 patients had palpable breast mass as indication of mammography and breast sonography. Cancer lesions were detectable in 16 of 25 patients (64%) on mammography and 24 of 25 patients (96%) on breast ultrasonography. Reasons for nonvisualization of cancer lesions on mammography were dense breast with nodular parenchyma pattern and minimal breast change of ductal carcinoma in situ. CONCLUSION: In breast cancer patients under 30 years of age who have palpable breast mass as a initiaJ, and main clinical problem, breast ultrasonography is superior to mammography in detecting and diagnosing breast cancer. We suggest that guidelines can avoid unnecessary mammography in these patients.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating ; Female ; Humans ; Mammography ; Medical Records ; Physical Examination ; Ultrasonography* ; Ultrasonography, Mammary

No abstract available.
Humans ; Students, Medical*

Intraspinal neurenteric cysts are rare congenital lesions that results from abnormal separation of germ layers in the third week of embryonic development, which may cause spinal compression. Although, the diagnosis of neurenteric cyst was very difficult prior to operation, MRI has proven to be a useful imaging modality in detection, localization and characterization of intraspinal neurenteric cysts. We recently experienced intraspinal neurenteric cyst in two patients who presented with progerssive quadriparesis. Myelography, CT myelography and MRI were taken and complete excision was performed. The MRI findings are presented and the literature is reviewed.
Diagnosis ; Embryonic Development ; Female ; Germ Layers ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Myelography ; Neural Tube Defects* ; Pregnancy ; Quadriplegia

This study was done to compare the effects of nemonapride on cognitive and psychomotor performance and sedation with those of classical antipsychotics in normal adults. Single doses of three antipsychotics (chlorpromazine 50mg, haloperidol 2mg and nemonapride 3mg) and placebo were given to 8 healthy male volunteers at weekly intervals, in a double-blind Latin square design. All subjects completed a battery of cognitive and psychomotor pelformance tests (Critical Flicker Fusion Threshold : CFFT, Choice Reaction Time : CRT, Compensatory Tracking Test : CTT, Digit-Symbol Substitution Test DSST) and self-estimate for sedation using visual analog rating scales at pre-dose and 2, 4, 6, 8hr post-dose. The results were as follows : 1) Chlorpromazine 50mg significantly impaired CFFT, CRT, CTT and DSST compared to placebo and showed the most potent sedative effect among the test drugs. These effects occurred in almost all ranges of time points with peak effEct at 4hr post-dose. 2) Haloperidol 2 mg did not impair any cognitive or psychomotor performances. There was no sedative effect as well. 3) Nemo-napride 3 mg selectively impaired CFFT (at 2 and 6hr post-dose), total reaction time (at 4hr post-dose) of CRT and DSST (at 4 and 6hr post-dose). Sedative effect occurred more significantly than placebo at 4 and 6 hr post-dose. These results indicate that nemonapride 3mg seems to have the intermediate profiles between chlorpromazine 50mg and haloperidol 2mg in terms of cognitive and psychomotor effects as well as sedative effect. In addition, inspection of the results suggest that the cognitive and psychomotor effects could be secondary to sedative effect.
Adult* ; Antipsychotic Agents ; Chlorpromazine* ; Flicker Fusion ; Haloperidol* ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Male ; Psychomotor Performance* ; Reaction Time ; Volunteers ; Weights and Measures

BACKGROUND: Recent evidences suggest that anesthetic action within the spinal cord is important in suppressing somatic responses to painful stimuli. Intrathecal endothelin-1 (ET-1) is known to have antinociceptive effect. The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether intrathecal ET-1 may influence the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in rats and access the role of the spinal cord as the sites of anesthetic action in blocking somatic responsiveness. METHODS: In Sprague-Dawley rats fitted with an indwelling intrathecal catheter, we determined the MAC of isoflurane using a tail-clamp technique as a painful stimulus, combined with end-tidal anesthetic sampling. In experiment 1, the control MAC was determined and changes of control MAC were observed after intrathecal ET-1 (4x10-2 nmol, 4x10-3 nmol) administration. In experiment 2, we observed the effects of L or N type Ca++ channel blocker such as verapamil (50 g) or W-conotoxin (0.5 g) on the MAC after measurement of the control MAC. In experiment 3, after measurement of the control MAC, ET-1 (10-2 nmol) was administered intrathecally and the MAC was determined again. Next, intrathecal verapamil (50 g) or W-conotoxin (0.5 g) was injected. After that, the MAC was determined again. RESULTS: In experiment 1, ET-1 decreased the MAC of isoflurane and its effect was sustained over 2 hours. In experiment 2, the MAC, determined following administration of verapamil or W-conotoxin, was not different from that of the control. In experiment 3, the MAC was decreased after ET-1 administration and then increased following injection of verapamil or W-conotoxin. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that ET-1, in relation to calcium, might play an important role in determining the MAC of isoflurane in the spinal cord.
Animals ; Calcium ; Catheters ; Endothelin-1* ; Isoflurane* ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spinal Cord ; Verapamil

BACKGROUND: Smoking increases the risk of respiratory, cardiac diseases and cancer. This study is to ascertain the relationship between passive smoking, the modes of residence, its location and the immunoglobulin values as well as the eosinophil counts in relation to child patients suffering from bronchial or cardiac asthma. METHODS: The research was conducted at a general hospital with cooperation of 242 patients who had been hospitalized 1991 through 1995. We compared the average values of immunoglobulin between the groups of exposed and non-exposed to smoking by T-test. A same work for residential modes was done by T-tests, while the data regarding the residing locality were processed by ANOVA. RESULTS: Each values of TEC, IgE, IgA, and IgM in both groups has been analysed but spelling no significant differences. The group residing in apartments showed lower value of IgM than those of flats. CONCLUSIONS: The reason the IgM value of apartments is lower than that of flats is due to the difference of living quarters. This signifies the modes of residence may as well affect the IgE value.
Asthma ; Child* ; Eosinophils ; Heart Diseases ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulin M ; Immunoglobulins* ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution*

BACKGROUND: Acromioclavicular (AC) stability is maintained through a complex combination of soft-tissue restraints that include coracoclavicular (CC), AC ligament and overlying muscles. Among these structures, the role of the CC ligament has continued to be studied because of its importance on shoulder kinematics, especially after AC injury. This study was designed to determine the geometric change of conoid and trapezoid ligaments and resulting stresses on these ligaments according to various scapular motions. METHODS: The scapuloclavicular (SC) complex was isolated from a fresh-frozen cadaver by removing all soft tissues except the AC and CC ligaments. The anatomically aligned SC complex was then scanned with a high-resolution computed tomography scanner into 0.6-mm slices. The Finite element model of the SC complex was obtained and used for calculating the stress on different parts of the CC ligaments with simulated movements of the scapula. RESULTS: Average stress on the conoid ligament during anterior tilt, internal rotation, and scapular protraction was higher, whereas the stress on the trapezoid ligament was more prominent during posterior tilt, external rotation, and retraction. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that CC ligament plays an integral role in regulating horizontal SC motion as well as complex motions indicated by increased stress over the ligament with an incremental scapular position change. The conoid ligament is the key structure restraining scapular protraction that might occur in high-grade AC dislocation. Hence in CC ligament reconstructions involving only single bundle, every attempt must be made to reconstruct conoid part of CC ligament as anatomically as possible.
Biomechanical Phenomena ; Cadaver* ; Dislocations ; Ligaments* ; Muscles ; Scapula ; Shoulder

We studied the effect of retinoic acid, a potent differentiation inducer, on the proliferation and invasiveness of hormone resistant prostatic cancer cell lines, PC-3 and DU-145. Cellular growth measurement by MTY assay, flow cytometry for cell cycle analysis, Papanicolaou staining for examining the change of morphologic features and in vitro invasion assay using artificial basement membrane, matrigel, were performed under various concentration of all-trans-retinoic acid. Inhibition of cellular proliferation was retinoic acid dose dependent in both cell lines. Decreased S-phase and increased G-1 phase fraction were identified with time dependent manner in both cell lines. Less prominent chromatin and nucleotide, decreased nucleus/cytoplasm ratio were shown in Papanicolaou staining after 7 days culture with 10 uM of retinoic acid. In in vitro invasion assay, PC-3 cells showed decreased netlike formation and penetration though matrigel, and DU-145 cells showed decreased colony formation with 10 uM of retinoic acid. These findings suggest that the retinoic acid could ave the possibility of clinical application in hormone resistant prostatic cancer patients as a new therapeutic modality, differentiation therapy.
Basement Membrane ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Line* ; Cell Proliferation ; Chromatin ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Prostatic Neoplasms* ; Tretinoin*

In order to evaluate the clinical application of the Nd:YAG laser(Coherent model 9900(R)) to correct the astigmatism, we observed the change in corneal curvature, thickness and endothelium after laser radiation to the rabbit cornea. The experiment composed of 14 rabbit eyes divided into two groups according to the power setting; 7 eyes of 2.5mJ group, and 7 eyes of 5mJ group. Lader pulse was focused at corneal epithelium and an average of 25-30 applications were required to make the single pair of transverse line like conventional lineal corneal transverse incision for one eye. Changes ir keratometry and pachymetry were measured postlaser application for 3 months. Seven days after radiation, two rabbit eyes(2.5mJ and 5mJ) were enucleated for scanning electron microscopy. The results were as follows: 1. The mean flattening induced at 900 meridian was 1.91 diopter in 2.5mJ group and 1.98 diopter in 5mJ group 3 months after laser radiation, and the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant(p>0.5). 2. The steepening at 1800 meridian induced only one week after laser radiation in both groups, thereafter the flattening was shown. 3. The significant mean corneal thickness increase of 30.72pm in 2.5mJ group and 33.47 micrometer in 5mJ group was noted at postlaser 7 days and returned to normal range at postlaser 2 months, but the corneal thickness showed no significant statistical difference between two group(p>0.5). 4. Scanning electron microscopy findings showed changes of the ultrastructure of the endothelial cell: edematous changes of the endothelial cell and cell membrane destruction were much less in 2.5mJ group than 5mJ group.
Astigmatism ; Cell Membrane ; Cornea ; Endothelial Cells ; Endothelium* ; Epithelium, Corneal ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Rabbits* ; Reference Values