Authore examined for the width, the trabecular pigment band and the iris process of the chamber angle in the non-glaucomatous eyes of the Korean people (total 86 eyes, among (them male 58 eyes, female 28 eyes, and ages of 7-67) by using the 3 mirror contact lens and slit-lamp (Goldmann 900). And these findings were evaluated with the age and the sex distribution. Also these preliminary data are now assisting in the study of pathologic findings of the chamber angle.
Female ; Humans ; Iris ; Male ; Sex Distribution

The objects of the refractive examination are to check the refractive state of the eyes and to correct the refractive errors with glasses. This paper is directed to the basic methods of subjective and objective refractive examination.
Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Refractive Errors

Authors experienced five different cases of keratitis such as metaherpetic keratitis, bullous keratitis, chemical keratitis and superficial punctate keratitis have been markedly improved by subconjunctival injection of Tathion (30-50mg), a glutathion prepartion. All cases showed remarkable improvement with better visual acuity following the treatment. Especially it was another choice of treatment in persisting case of metaherpetic keratitis with parenchymal infiltration. No side effects have been observed during this procedure.
Keratitis* ; Visual Acuity

Ketalar, a new parenteral anesthetic, was used as a clinical trial for 14 surgical cases ranged from 2 to 15 year old children, and also intraocular pressures of their patient's sound eyes were measured before and after Ketalar injection, I.M. 5-10 mg/kg. Unlike conventional anesthetic agents, Ketalar caused a significant rise in intraocular pressure within 5 minutes and then the pressure improved to normal range about 15 minutes after Ketalar injection. Ketalar could not recommended as a general anethetic agent in case who should examine the intraocular pressure. In eye surgery under 15 year old children, this agent would be a safe and effective general anesthetic, and in an emergent eye injured case, Ketalar is an agent of first choice and can injects to patient regardless of diet intake.
Adolescent ; Anesthetics ; Child* ; Diet ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure* ; Ketamine* ; Reference Values

In search of the effect of air pollution on the eye, the authors examined ocular symptoms and diseases in both an urban(Seoul) and two rural populations (Suwon and Changsung). The Prevalence rate of ocular symptoms and diseases between 109 occupational drivers of more than 3 years career in Seoul area which is one of the air polluted urban areas and 150 populations in the two different rural areas as a control group were compared. The prevalence rate of ocular symptoms was 89% in Seoul, 10% in Suwon and 23% in Changsung area, and those of ocular diseases were 35%, 6% and 10% in the same areas, respectively. The prevalence rate of ocular symptoms and diseases is respectively 3 to 4 times more prevalent in occupational drivers than in the control groups. Many other etiologic factors such as occupation, labor condition, environmental stress or different way of living may influence the prevalence rate between the two groups, however, it would be presumed that the main causative factor to cause ocular symptoms and diseases is probably due to air pollution.
Air Pollution ; Gyeonggi-do ; Occupations ; Prevalence* ; Rural Population* ; Seoul

The authors analysed statistically 223 cases of the eye injuries among 17,547 out-patients who visited to our clinic located at down-town of the city during Jan. 1965 to Sept. 1967. The incidence of the eye injuries is remarkably lower than the other reports from other communities. As far as the objects of eye injuries were concerned, ironpiece, fist and coal-dust were more frequent in 21~40 year-age group, while in under 10 year age group, knife, nail and finger-tip were more frequent. Male was exceedingly prevalent (162) than female (61). 21~30 year age group was also prevalent in regard to the incidence of the injuries.
Eye Injuries* ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Outpatients*

1. INTRODUCTION: It is well known that a successful corneal graft depends primarily on the viability of corneal endothelium. And also corneal endothelial viability of donor eye is largely varied from the duration of storage time of enucleated eyes. It is generally agreed that penetrating corneal graft should be done within 48 hours when donor cornea was stored in moist chamber at 4 degrees C because of corneal endothelial viability. But there is some other opinion about the storage time as the school of Filatov insists that donor cornea could be storaged for 4~5 days before corneal graft. The permeability of the cornea is significant from several viewpoints, first, the nutrition of the cornea depends on the diffusion of oxygen and glucose and other substances from the surrounding fluids. Second, the transport of drugs or other substances across the cornea is determined by the permeability of the corneal layers. Present experiment involves the direct measurement for changes of tritiated water permeability, K trans, of rabbit corneal endothelium stored at 4 degrees C up to 5 days. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult albino rabbits, weighing 2~3 kg. were killed by intravenous injection of air administered via the marginal vein of an ear. if more moist chamber bottles are prepared than needed for immediate use of enucleated eyes, they more stored at 4 degrees C in the refrigerator for periods of 24, 48, and 120 hrs. Preparation of endothelium was made simply by remove of the epithelium with gouze (Kim et ai, 1971). The remaining stroma was requisite as a mechanical support for th endothelium. And then a puncture incision was made through the sclera 1~2 mm peripheral to the limbus, and a circumferential cut was made at the same distance from the limbus. The excised tissue was then transferred immediately to a Petri dish containing Ringer's solution at 35 degrees C, and the lens and the iris were carefully removed together with any connective tissue that was attached to the sclera. Finally, the cornea with its scleral rim was mounted in a lucite chamber which was designed specially to hold the convex tissue(Fig. 1). After the tissue was mounted, the chambers were quickly filled with the experimental solution. The solutions on both sides of the tissue were stirred with Teflon-coated magnetic stirrer driven by horseshoe magnets rotating at 400 rev./min to reduce the rete-limiting effect of an unstirred layer on solute movement (Dainty, 1963). The composition of the experimental solution, based on normal (Krebs-bicarbonate) Ringer's solution, was presented in Table I (Green, 1965). A sufficient volume of solution for each experiment was brought to the required temperature(25 degrees C) immediately prior to the experiment. Radioisotopes 3H-labelled tritiated water(THO. specific activity, 5 mCi/ml; Molecular weight, 22) was obtained in solution form (Amersham Radiochemical Center, Buckinghamshire, England). A tracer amount of the radioactive substance to be studied, in normal Ringer's solution, was introduced into the chamber facing the endothelial surface and its rate of appearance on the other side was then determined. Samples (50 micro l) were taken with a micropipette (25 micro l) initially from both bathing solutions 1 hr. after addition of the solutions to the tissue, but thereafter only from the cold side at 60 minutes intervals for 3 hr duration. The samples were transferred to planchets which were then placed on sample spinner; a volume of methyl alcohol was added sufficient to cover the planchet and to allow even spreading of the sample which drying under on infrared lamp. The activity of the radioisotope samples were then assayed using a NMC Proportional Counter System, Model PC-3A, U.S.A. The permeability coefficient, K trans., for this radioactive substance, defined as the amount of the given substance crossing 1cm2 of membrane surface per second under a driving force of unit concentration gradient was calculated according to Maffly et al (1960). 3. RESULTS AND COMMENTS: The permeability coefficients, K trans., of fresh corneal endothelium as a control and the corneal endothelium stored AT 4 degrees C moist chamber in the refrigerator for different lengths of time were presented in Table 2, all these permeabilities were measured on highly swollen stromas since permeability determinations were not begun until 1 hr after exposure to the isotope solution. The rate of passage of tritiated water through the endothelium (plus stroma and Descemet's membrane) stored at 4 degrees C showed the linearity of the increasing count rate against time (Fig. 2). A rise in tritiated water permeability occurred in those stored for 48 hrs. and then followed by a fall in those stored for 120 hours, which there was no significant difference (p>0.3) in comparing with the permeability of fresh corneal endothelium used immediately after enucleation. It presumed that such a finding is due probably to the vitality change of the endothelium. Such a similar results were also obtained by a method of oxygen uptake by corneal endothelium of eyebank eyes stored at 4 degrees C for up to 6 days(Preziosi, 1971).
Adult ; Baths ; Connective Tissue ; Cornea ; Diffusion ; Ear ; Endothelium ; Endothelium, Corneal* ; Epithelium ; Glucose ; Humans ; Injections, Intravenous ; Iris ; Membranes ; Methanol ; Molecular Weight ; Oxygen ; Permeability* ; Polymethyl Methacrylate ; Punctures ; Rabbits ; Radioisotopes ; Sclera ; Tissue Donors ; Transplants ; Veins ; Water*

A soft contact lens is used not only for the correction of refractive errors, but also for therapeutic purpose. Soft contact lens is hydrophilic, it takes up and releases medicaments so that it promotes and prolongs the penetration of drugs through the cornea. It has been also recently report!,!d that a soft lens increases pressure lowering effect in pilocarpine therapy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the penetration rate of drugs immersed into a soft contact lens (Soflens) through the cornea. In this study the authors used 24NaCl and [3H] cortisol solution on the rabbit cornea with or without Soflens. The results were as follows: 1. During four hours following the administration of 24NaCl the pent ration rate into the anterior chamber when Soflens, immersed in 24NaCl solution for 2 minutes was applied, showed 2.4 times higher than that of topical instillation. In topical instillation, the Soflens group revealed a higher penetration rate (1.6 times) than non-Soflens group. It was revealed that Soflens promoted the penetration of 24NaCl solution into the anterior chamber of rabbits. 2. Intracorneal penetration of 24NaCl solution was 1.5 times higher in topical instillation in the Soflens group than the non-Soflens group. Meanwhile, the highest penetration (2.2 times) was noted in the group of Soflens which were soaked in 24NaCl solution. The highest concentration in the iris (1.5 times) was noted in the soaked Soflens group. 3. In topical instillation of cortisol solution in the group of Soflens without treatment and the group of Soflens immersed in cortisol solution showed much lower penetration rates into the anterior chamber with 0.9 and 0.5 times than those of the topical instillation group. Based on the above results, it is clear that Soflens does not always promote the penetration of drugs into the anterior chamber. The drug-sponging effect is supposed to very according to various factors such as solubility, molecular weight of drug and physico-chemical properties of a soft con tact lens.
Anterior Chamber* ; Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic* ; Cornea ; Hydrocortisone* ; Iris ; Molecular Weight ; Pilocarpine ; Rabbits ; Refractive Errors ; Solubility

To compare the corneal reaction of the widely used viscoelastic substance such as Healon(R), Amvisc(R) and newly developed and less expensive viscoelastic substance(2% methylcellulose), 0.2ml each of various viscous solutions were injected into the anterior chamber of rabbit eyes and their reactions were observed. BSS(Balanced salt solution) was used as a control. 1. Intraocular pressure was elevated to the peak in 3 hours after injection of Healon(R)(44.0 +/- 14.4mmHg), methylcellulose(32.0 +/- 4.0mmHg), Amvisc(R)(33.7 +/- 14.5mmHg) and control BSS(25.8 +/- 4.6mmHg). Intraocular pressure returned to normal at 9 hours after injection of methlycellulose group, while Healon(R) and Amvisc(R) group returned to normal at 24 hours. 2. Central corneal thickness was increased to the peak 12 hours after injection in all groups; Healon(R) 475 +/- 71.9 micrometer, methylcellulose 454 +/- 55.0 micrometer, Amvisc(R) 489 +/- 90.9 micrometer and control BSS 403 +/- 14.0 micrometer. Corneal thickness returned to normal after 2 days in Healon(R) and control groups but it took 6 days for methyclellulose and Amvisc(R) groups. 3. The endothelial cell density 2 weeks after injection were Healon(R) 2,280 +/- 125.0 cells/mm2, methylcellulose 2,187 +/- 120.0 cells/mm2, amvisc(R) and BSS 2,338 +/- 74.0 cells/mm2. The endothelial cell reduction rate was Healon(R) 7%, methylcellulose 6%, Amvisc(R) 14.5% and BSS 3.0%, respectively. 4. In all groups except control ESS group, the endothelial cells under the scanning electron microscope showed decreased microvilli and enlargement of intercellular space. Scanning electron micrograph 2 weeks after injection of Amvisc(R) showed the findings of more edematous endothelial cells compared with those of other groups.
Anterior Chamber ; Endothelial Cells ; Endothelium, Corneal* ; Extracellular Space ; Intraocular Pressure* ; Methylcellulose* ; Microvilli

Since cataract operation is commonest and basic intraocular operation there are many modified procedures and techniques. Various modified methods of the cataract operation were reviewed and discussed for its advantage and disadvantage according to the specifio eye condition or various types of cataract.
Cataract*