OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between age at menopause and mortality in a population-based sample of women in Kangwha, Korea. METHODS: From the Kangwha Cohort, followed-up from 1985 to 1999, the data of the over 55 year old female group(n=3,596) was used in this study to examine the association between age at menopause and mortality. We calculated the all causes mortality risk ratio and the cancer mortality risk ratio by age at menopause grouping using the Cox Proportional Hazards Model with adjustments for age, BMI, smoking, education, chronic disease, self-rated health status, alcohol consumption and age at first birth. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: Compared to women who had menopause at 45-49 years, the all causes mortality risk ratio was 1.24 for women with menopause at less than 40 years(95% CI=1.01-1.53) and 1.05 for women with menopause at over 50 years(95% CI=0.92-1.20). Also, compared to women who had menopause at 45-49 years, the cancer mortality risk ratio was 1.53 for women with menopause at less than 40 years(95% CI=0.78-2.98) and 1.17 for women with menopause at over 50 years(95% CI=0.77-1.80).
Alcohol Drinking ; Birth Order ; Chronic Disease ; Cohort Studies* ; Education ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Menopause* ; Middle Aged ; Mortality ; Odds Ratio ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Smoke ; Smoking

No abstract available.
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome*

The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of canal filling on the bacteria left in the dentinal tubules and to compare the sealing ability between Gutta-percha and Resilon. The bovine dentin block models were prepared. E. faecalis was inoculated to dentin blocks and incubated. The dentin blocks were divided into 5 groups. Group 1 was the negative control. Group 2 was the positive control. Group 3 was filled with ZOE based sealer and Gutta-percha, Group 4 with resin based sealer and Gutta-percha, and Group 5 with resin based sealer and Resilon. After 24 hour, the blocks were incubated at 37degrees C for 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks on BHI agar plates. The internal dentin portion of the blocks was removed using ISO 027, 029, 031, 035 round burs and the dentin chips were incubated at 37degrees C for 24 hour. Following incubation, the optical density of the medium was measured. The data were statistically analysed using repeated measures ANOVA and one-way ANOVA. The results were as follows, 1. There was statistically significant reduction in the number of E. faecalis of the group where dentinal tubules were completely sealed with nail varnish in comparison with the groups obturated with gutta-percha or resilon (p < 0.05). 2. In group 5, the number of E. faecalis in the dentinal tubules decreased significantly with time (p < 0.05), whereas in Group 3 and 4, there was no reduction in its number (p > 0.05). 3. Under the conditions of this experiment, E. faecalis survived up to 4 weeks after obturation with gutta-percha or resilon (p > 0.05).
Agar ; Bacteria ; Dentin* ; Enterococcus faecalis* ; Enterococcus* ; Gutta-Percha* ; Paint

PURPOSE: To investigate the various imaging factors associated with aggravation of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) and develop a scoring system for prediction of LDH aggravation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2015 to 2017, we retrospectively reviewed the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of 60 patients (30 patients with aggravated LDH and 30 patients without any altered LDH). Imaging factors for MRI evaluation included the level of LDH, disc degeneration, back muscle atrophy, facet joint degeneration, ligamentum flavum thickness and interspinous ligament degeneration. Flexion-extension difference was measured with simple radiography. The scoring system was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: The aggravated group manifested a higher grade of disc degeneration, back muscle atrophy and facet degeneration than the control group. The ligamentum flavum thickness in the aggravated group was thicker than in the group with unaltered LDH. The summation score was defined as the sum of the grade of disc degeneration, back muscle atrophy and facet joint degeneration. The area under the ROC curve showing the threshold value of the summation score for prediction of aggravation of LDH was 0.832 and the threshold value corresponded to 6.5. CONCLUSION: Disc degeneration, facet degeneration, back muscle atrophy and ligamentum flavum thickness are important factors in predicting aggravation of LDH and may facilitate the determination of treatment strategy in patients with LDH. The summation score is available as supplemental data.
Atrophy ; Back Muscles ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc Degeneration ; Ligaments ; Ligamentum Flavum ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Radiography ; Retrospective Studies ; ROC Curve ; Zygapophyseal Joint

Purpose: This study aimed to compare treatment options and outcomes based on peritoneal cancer index (PCI) among patients with peritoneal metastasis (PM) of advanced gastric cancer (AGC). Methods: Between January 2016 and July 2019, clinicopathological data of patients with AGC diagnosed with PM were reviewed. Different treatment methods were performed according to the PCI score: (1) group A (PCI ≤ 13) received cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) with postoperative intraperitoneal (IP) and systemic chemotherapy (n = 29), while (2) group B (PCI > 13) received IP chemotherapy with systemic chemotherapy (n = 22). Results: Clinical outcomes of 51 patients at the Dankook University Hospital were reviewed. Group A had a significantly lower mean PCI score (9.8 ± 6.9 vs. 32.6 ± 7.1, P < 0.01) than group B, with 25 patients (86.2%) achieving complete cytoreduction. Complications occurred in 16 patients (31.4%), none of who suffered mortality (group A: 11 patients, 37.9% vs. group B: 5 patients, 22.7%; P = 0.25). Among the morbidity, 5 cases (17.2%) and 2 cases (9.1%) exhibited a Clavien-Dindo grade greater than III in groups A and B, respectively (P = 0.04). Groups A and B had an overall median survival time of 34.0 and 16.0 months, respectively (P = 0.03). Conclusion Patients with PM of AGC received different treatments according to their PCI score. When accompanied with careful patient selection, our approach may be considered an acceptable option for the treatment of PM of AGC.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare treatment options and outcomes based on peritoneal cancer index (PCI) among patients with peritoneal metastasis (PM) of advanced gastric cancer (AGC). Methods: Between January 2016 and July 2019, clinicopathological data of patients with AGC diagnosed with PM were reviewed. Different treatment methods were performed according to the PCI score: (1) group A (PCI ≤ 13) received cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) with postoperative intraperitoneal (IP) and systemic chemotherapy (n = 29), while (2) group B (PCI > 13) received IP chemotherapy with systemic chemotherapy (n = 22). Results: Clinical outcomes of 51 patients at the Dankook University Hospital were reviewed. Group A had a significantly lower mean PCI score (9.8 ± 6.9 vs. 32.6 ± 7.1, P < 0.01) than group B, with 25 patients (86.2%) achieving complete cytoreduction. Complications occurred in 16 patients (31.4%), none of who suffered mortality (group A: 11 patients, 37.9% vs. group B: 5 patients, 22.7%; P = 0.25). Among the morbidity, 5 cases (17.2%) and 2 cases (9.1%) exhibited a Clavien-Dindo grade greater than III in groups A and B, respectively (P = 0.04). Groups A and B had an overall median survival time of 34.0 and 16.0 months, respectively (P = 0.03). Conclusion Patients with PM of AGC received different treatments according to their PCI score. When accompanied with careful patient selection, our approach may be considered an acceptable option for the treatment of PM of AGC.

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is a rare disorder in which lipoproteinaceous material accumulates within the alveoli. We report a case of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in a 41 year old female patient. She complained of a dry cough in the preceding 6 months. She presented symptoms of mild hypoxemia and diffuse infiltration at both lower lung fields. A milky fluid was obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage. We confirmed by light microscopic examinations of the lung tissues obtained by transbronchial lung biopsy. Through several follow-ups, the patients symptoms were mild.
Adult ; Anoxia ; Biopsy ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage ; Cough ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Lung ; Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between Agent Orange exposure and self-reported diseases in Korean Vietnam veterans. METHODS: A postal survey of 114 562 Vietnam veterans was conducted. The perceived exposure to Agent Orange was assessed by a 6-item questionnaire. Two proximity-based Agent Orange exposure indices were constructed using division/brigade-level and battalion/company-level unit information. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for age and other confounders were calculated using a logistic regression model. RESULTS: The prevalence of all self-reported diseases showed monotonically increasing trends as the levels of perceived self-reported exposure increased. The ORs for colon cancer (OR, 1.13), leukemia (OR, 1.56), hypertension (OR, 1.03), peripheral vasculopathy (OR, 1.07), enterocolitis (OR, 1.07), peripheral neuropathy (OR, 1.07), multiple nerve palsy (OR, 1.14), multiple sclerosis (OR, 1.24), skin diseases (OR, 1.05), psychotic diseases (OR, 1.07) and lipidemia (OR, 1.05) were significantly elevated for the high exposure group in the division/brigade-level proximity-based exposure analysis, compared to the low exposure group. The ORs for cerebral infarction (OR, 1.08), chronic bronchitis (OR, 1.05), multiple nerve palsy (OR, 1.07), multiple sclerosis (OR, 1.16), skin diseases (OR, 1.05), and lipidemia (OR, 1.05) were significantly elevated for the high exposure group in the battalion/company-level analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Korean Vietnam veterans with high exposure to Agent Orange experienced a higher prevalence of several self-reported chronic diseases compared to those with low exposure by proximity-based exposure assessment. The strong positive associations between perceived self-reported exposure and all self-reported diseases should be evaluated with discretion because the likelihood of reporting diseases was directly related to the perceived intensity of Agent Orange exposure.
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/*poisoning ; 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/*poisoning ; Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology/etiology ; Defoliants, Chemical/*poisoning ; Endocrine System Diseases/epidemiology/etiology ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/epidemiology/etiology ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasms/epidemiology/etiology ; Neuromuscular Diseases/epidemiology/etiology ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology/etiology ; *Self Report ; Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin/*poisoning ; *Veterans ; Vietnam Conflict

Few studies have examined the effects of smoking on the morbidity and mortality of lung cancer in Korean men. In Korea, where the prevalence of smoking is among the highest in the world, the morbidity and mortality of lung cancer are rapidly escalating. The objectives of this study were to prospectively examine the effects of smoking on lung cancer and to determine the combined effects of the amount, duration and age that smoking was started. The design was a prospective cohort study with a follow-up period of six years (1993-1998). The subjects included a total of 305,687 Korean men from 35 to 64 years of age who received health insurance from the Korea Medical Insurance Corporation and who had biennial medical evaluations in 1992. The main outcome measures were deaths from lung cancer. As a baseline, 58.2% were current cigarette smokers. Between 1993 and 1998, 891 lung cancer events (34.4/100,000 people per year) occurred. In multivariate Cox proportional hazards models controlling for age, exercise and alcohol use, current smoking increased the risk of lung cancer (risk ratio [RR], 5.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.2 - 7.3). There were significant dose-response relationships to the amount, duration of smoking and age that smoking was started. Compared with nonsmokers, the RR from current smokers who smoked 20 cigarettes per day for over 30 years was 8.2 (5.9 - 11.3), the RR from current smokers who smoked for over 30 years and were less then 19 years of age when they started smoking was 7.8 (5.2 - 11.9), and the RR for those who smoke 20 cigarettes per day and were less than 19 years of age when they started smoking was 8.3 (5.9 -11.6). This study demonstrates that in Korea smoking is a major independent risk factor for lung cancer, and that the risk increases with an increased amount, longer duration, and younger starting age.
Adult ; Cohort Studies ; Human ; Korea ; Lung Neoplasms/mortality* ; Male ; Middle Age ; Prospective Studies ; Smoking/adverse effects* ; Time Factors

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the association between the level of obesity and physical fitness (PF) during adolescence and the risk factors of metabolic disorders during adulthood. METHODS: In the current analysis, 3,993 Korean adults (mean age, 38.70 +/- 1.69 years) were recruited. The level of body index (BI) and PF were examined during adolescence through high school record, and their health examination data, including systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting glucose (FG), total cholesterol (TC), and current body mass index (BMI) were obtained from National Health Insurance Corporation Data. Gender-specific analyses were administered to compare health exam data across the level of BI, the level of PF, and a mixed level of BI and PF. RESULTS: Most obese males during high school had statistically higher SBP, DBP, FG, and BMI in adulthood, and most obese females had higher BMI, as compared to most lean males or females. Least fit males during high school had statistically higher BMI in adulthood, and least fit females had statistically higher SBP, DBP, FG, TC, and BMI, as compared to most fit males or females. There was a significant relationship between the mixed level of BI and PF and SBP, DBP, TC and current BMI in both genders. CONCLUSION: Maintaining a healthy level of body weight and PF during adolescence is recommended to prevent the development of metabolic diseases in adulthood.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Cholesterol ; Fasting ; Female ; Glucose ; Humans ; Male ; Metabolic Diseases ; National Health Programs ; Obesity ; Physical Fitness ; Risk Factors