OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the differences of parental rearing attitude between incarcerated delinqent adolescents and adolescents attending school, in order to identifying the relationships between delinquent behavior and personality factors. METHODS: The subjects were composed of 94 incarcerated delinqent adolescents and 112 adolescents attending school. Subjects were required to complete self-report questionnare including PBI and 16 PF. RESULTS: In incarcerated delinqent adolescents, maternal care(MC) was significantly lower than in adolescents attending school and paternal overprotection(PO) was significantly higher than in adolescents attending school. Of the scores of 16 PF, incarcerated delinqent adolescents showed lower scores in intelligence(B), guilt-proneness(O), liberalism(Q1), self-control(Q3), tension(Q4), anxiety(ANX), superego(SUP) and creativity(CRE) than adolescents attending school. Of the correlation between the scores of PBI and 16PF in incarerated delinqent adolescents, each of superego(G), liberalism(Q1), and supergo(SUP) was negatively correlated with maternal overprotection. Liberalism(Q1) was negatively correlated with paternal overprotection. Stableness(C) was positively correlated with paternal care. Each of gulit-proneness(O), liberalism(Q1), self sufficiency(Q2), tension(Q4), and anxiety(ANX) was negatively correlated with paternal care. In adolescents attending school, groups classified by parental bonding pattern indicated that optimal bonding group(Group l) was correlated with more positive aspects of personality factors, and the affectionless control(Group lV) was correlated with more negative aspects of personality factors. In delinquent adolescents, however, results didn't match the above findings. CONCLUSION: The parent-child bonding patterns of incarcerated delinqent adolescents were related to multiple personality factors. In parental rearing of incarcerated delinqent adolescents, maternal care(MC) was lower and paternal overprotection(PO) was higher than in adolescents attending school. We suggest that personality factors of incarcerated delinqent adolescents are correlated with delinquent behaviors. However, early parent-child bonding patterns do not seem to be correlated with later personality development.
Adolescent* ; Humans ; Multiple Personality Disorder ; Parents* ; Personality Development

The recent widespread use of computers and improvement of the internet technology have made people of every walk of life get plenty of information of various contents, including health and medicine. However, the efforts to verify and evaluate those Internet-based information fall far short of the ever-increasing number of web-sites dealing with health and medicine. These efforts are particularly important for the web-sites regarding health promotion, because they can render the general population to nourish their potentials to lead healthy lives, and provide wide variety of information, including every steps of natural courses of diseases till death. In the present study, a total of 100 web-sites regarding health promotion were selected through six domestic major searching engines, considering the contents and methods of evaluation. The evaluations were performed as to the 8 items comprising 3 fields, or the owners' credentials, transparency of sponsorship, and information publication form, along with analyses of the conditions of information-providing agencies and forms of providing on-line education program for health promotion. Results have shown that the average of the total marks of evaluation was 4.52 out of 8. The web-sites with points of +1SD from the average or more (6~8 points) accounted for 19% and those with -1SD from the average or less (~3 points) accounted for 20%. Only 2% of the total web-sites evaluated showed full marks (8 points). As to the agencies providing information, relevant social organizations, including corporations, accounted for the largest part (25%), followed by joint-stock companies and sales companies, which accounted for 24%. These figures represent a maximum of 6-fold as much as information provided by organizations with public confidence, such as institutes, hospitals, and public health centers. In addition, up to 81% of the on-line education programs were provided in the form of usual text, suggesting the lack of appropriate technology of providing information. On the other hand, the number of web-sites on health promotion/risk factors showed differences according to the searching engines used, and the number of those regarding health promotion was larger than that regarding risk factors for health. There was no single web-site searched commonly by five or six engines, and most web-sites were searched by only one engine. These results show that continuous systematic controls and evaluations are needed for the internet web-sites on health promotion, and that these require government-driven analyses of information contents, standardization, and comprehensive support.
Academies and Institutes ; Commerce ; Education ; Hand ; Health Promotion* ; Internet* ; Public Health ; Publications ; Risk Factors

BACKGROUND: Pressure rise time (PRT) is the time in which the ventilator aclieves the set airway pressure in pressure-targeted modes, such as pressure control ventilation (PCV). With varying PRT, in principle, the peak inspiratory flow rate of the ventilator also varies. And if PRT is set to a shorter duration, the effective duration of target pressure level would be prolonged. which in turn would increase inspiratory tidal volume(Vti) and mean airway pressure(Pmean). We also postulated that the increase in Vti with shortening of PRT may relate inversely to the patients' basal airway resistance. METHODS: In 13paralyzed patients on PCV(pressure control 18±9.5cm H2, FIO2 0.6±0.3, PEEP 5±3cm H2O, f20/min, I : E, 1 : 2) with Servo 300(Siemens-Elema, Solna, Sweden)from various causes of respiratory failure, PRT of 10%, 5% and 0% were randomly applied. At 30min of each PRT trial, peak inspiratory flow (PIF, L/sec), Vti(ml), Pmean(cm H2O) and ABGA were determined. RESULTS: At PRT 10, 5% and 0%, PIF were 01.69±0.13, 0.77±0.19, 0.83±0.22, respectively(p<0.001). Vti were 425±94, 439±101, 456±106, respectively(p<0.001), and Pmean were 11.2±3.7, 12.0±3.7, 12.5±3.8, respectively(p<0.001). pH were 7.40±0.08, 7.40 ±0.92, 7.41±0.96, respectively (p=0.004) ; PaCO2 (mm Hg) were 47.4±15.8, 47.2±15.7, 44.6±16.2, respectively (p=0.004) ; PAO2 - PaO2 (mm Hg) were 220±98, 224±95, 227±94, respectively(p=0.004) ; and Vd/Vt as determined by (PaCO2 - P CO2/PaCO2 were 0.67±0.07, 0.67±0.08, 0.66 ±0.08, respectively(p=0.007). The correlation between airway resistance and change of Vti from PRT 10% to 0% were r=-0.243(0.498). CONCLUSION: Shortening of pressure rise time during PCV was associated with associated with increased tidal volume, increased mean airway pressure and lower PaCO2.
Airway Resistance ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Tidal Volume* ; Ventilation* ; Ventilators, Mechanical

No abstract available.
Extremities* ; Myokymia*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to introduce our new modified surgical method using a tendocutaneous flap, which is an arterialized venous free flap with palmaris longus tendon, to reconstruct composite defects of the dorsal skin and extensor tendons of the hand and to evaluate the clinical results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between March 1994 and December 2001, composite defects of the hands in 39 patients were reconstructed using various modifications of arterialized venous free flap. Among these patients, eight cases of tendocutaneous type were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 33.2 years (ranging from 19 to 49), and the flap sizes ranged from 1.5x2 cm to 4x7 cm. In 2 of the 8 cases, neurorrhaphy using forearm cutaneous nerve was performed simultaneously for of digital nerve reconstruction. RESULTS: All flaps survived successfully and covered exposed bone and tendon. Marginal necrosis occurred partially in one case by less than 10% and this was completely recovered without any further surgical treatment. A functional range of motion (ROM) at the involved joint was achieved in an average ROM of 70 degrees at the PIP joint and 25 degrees at the DIP joint. CONCLUSION: Tendocutaneous arterialized venous free flap with palmaris longus tendon, is was found to be especially useful surgical foro reconstruct in a composite defects of the dorsal skin and extensor tendon of the hand.
Forearm ; Free Tissue Flaps* ; Hand ; Humans ; Joints ; Necrosis ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Skin* ; Tendons*

BACKGROUND: Ethambutol(EMB) is one of the first-line drugs included in short-course anti-tuberculosis therapy. The point mutations in embB gene have been speculated to be associated EMB resistance. However, detection of embB mutations at these positions have been observed in both EMB-susceptible isolates; thus, it remains controversial whether these mutations are associated with EMB resistance METHODS: The 36 M. tuberculosis isolates were selected from clinical isolates which tested susceptible to EMB and resistant to at least one drug. DNA extracted from the isolates was analyzed by amplifying embB gene. The PCR products were purified and directly sequenced. We reviewed the history of past drug susceptibility test results. RESULTS: Out of 36 EMB-susceptible strains, 3 strains (8.3%) had a mutation in codon 306 or 406 of the embB gene. These three strains had at least isoniazid resistance. They grew at 1.0 mcg/ml of EMB in Lowenstein-Jensen media. The patients of the strains were continuously smear-positive for over 3 years despite taking TB therapy. One strain had been EMB-resistant in past drug susceptibility tests. CONCLUSION: EMB-susceptible strains containing embB mutation may be caused by decreased viability in vitro test not by itself.
Codon ; DNA ; Drug Resistance ; Ethambutol ; Humans ; Isoniazid ; Korea ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis* ; Mycobacterium* ; Point Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Tuberculosis

BACKGROUND: In mitral stenosis with atial fibrillation, it is known that there is a significant linear correlation between end-diastolic mitral pressure gradient(EDMG) in cardiac catheterization and the corresponding RR interval. And using this, the equations to calculate the mitral valve area(MVA) in several heart retes has been inducing. However, as cardiac catheterization has a limitation not to be practiced repeatedly in all patients due to invasive procedure. In this study, using transthoracic doppler echocardiography, we tried to investigate the correlation of EDMG, RR interval and MVA and we tried to get the nomogram to predict MVA in different heart rates using it. METHODS: We made 9 patients an abject of this study whose measured MVA is from 0.5cm2 to 1.55cm2 by pressure half time(PHT) method among patients who have no any valvular heart disease except mitral stenosis with atrial fibrillation and whose condition is stable. We investigated the linear correlation between EDMG and RR interval, RR interval=a×EDMG+b(a ; slope, b ; intercept), using doppler echocardiography. We got the equation and nomogram to make an estimate of MVA with multiple regression analysis using the relation of measured MVA, slope and intercept. RESULTS: There was a linear correlation between EDMG and RR interval in all the patients. There was a mutual correlation of slope=53.0×(measured MVA)−101.2 between measured MVA and slope. There was a negative correlation of intercept=1,497−470×(measured MVA) between measured MVA and intercept. Using these, we could get multiple regression analysis equation, estimated MVA=0.0113×slope−0.0007×intercept+2.2497 and nomogram to estimate MVA. CONCLUSION: We could get the nomogram to estimate MVA easily using doppler echocardiography in mitral stenosis with atrial fibrillation.
Atrial Fibrillation ; Cardiac Catheterization ; Cardiac Catheters ; Echocardiography, Doppler ; Heart ; Heart Rate ; Heart Valve Diseases ; Humans ; Methods ; Mitral Valve Stenosis ; Mitral Valve ; Nomograms

We evaluated whether sonographic findings can provide additional diagnostic yield in endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA), and can more accurately predict nodal metastasis than chest computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scans. EBUS-TBNA was performed in 146 prospectively recruited patients with suspected thoracic lymph node involvement on chest CT and PET/CT from June 2012 to January 2013. Diagnostic yields of EBUS finding categories as a prediction model for metastasis were evaluated and compared with findings of chest CT, PET/CT, and EBUS-TBNA. In total, 172 lymph nodes were included in the analysis: of them, 120 were malignant and 52 were benign. The following four EBUS findings were predictive of metastasis: nodal size > or =10 mm, round shape, heterogeneous echogenicity, and absence of central hilar structure. A single EBUS finding did not have sufficient diagnostic yield; however, when the lymph node had any one of the predictive factors on EBUS, the diagnostic yields for metastasis were higher than for chest CT and PET/CT, with a sensitivity of 99.1% and negative predictive value of 83.3%. When any one of predictive factors is observed on EBUS, subsequent TBNA should be considered, which may provide a higher diagnostic yield than chest CT or PET/CT.
Aged ; Bronchi ; Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration/*methods ; Endosonography/*methods ; Female ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes/*pathology/ultrasonography ; Lymphatic Diseases/*pathology/ultrasonography ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Thoracic Neoplasms/*pathology/*secondary/ultrasonography

BACKGROUND: Ethambutol (EMB) is one of important first-line drug in the treatment of tuberculosis. Molecular techniques to detect embB gene mutations have been considered as an method to define the EMB resistance. We investigated the mutation rate within embB gene among EMB resistant strains using reverse hybridization techniques. METHODS: We made 11 probes that had wild or mutated sequences containing codons 306, 406, or 497 within embB gene respectively. These probes were reverse-hybridized with PCR products amplified from embB gene which were isolated from 149 ethambutol resistant strains and 50 pan-susceptible strains. RESULTS: Out of 149 ethambutol resistant strains, one hundred (67.1%) had mutation at least one base at codon 306, 406, or 497 in embB gene. Mutation at codon 306, 406, 497 were demonstrated in 75 (50.3%), 16 (10.7%), and 13 strains (8.7%) respectively. There were four strains that showed multi-mutation at codon 306 and codon 406 simultaneously. A high proportion (8.1%) had single mutation at codon 406. There was no mutation observed in embB gene among 50 pan-susceptible strains. CONCLUSION: Reverse hybridization will be useful technique for detection of gene mutation correlated to ethambutol resistance.
Codon ; Ethambutol ; Genotype ; Mutation Rate ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis* ; Mycobacterium* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Tuberculosis

PURPOSE: Malposition of an endotracheal tube tip may induce several complications. Prediction of the depth of the endotracheal tube is important and should be individualized. Here we propose a topographic method to predict the proper depth of the endotracheal tube and compare it with a conventional method (CM). METHODS: We enrolled 127 patients who were intubated in the ED or the ICU. To measure tube depth, we used 3 topographic methods: method 1 (M1): length from lateral side of lip to mandible angle + length from mandible angle to sternal angle; Method 2 (M2): sternum length; Method 3 (M3): length from the acromioclavicular joint to the nipple level on an anterior axillary line. Correlations between the ideal depth of the endotracheal tube and the length measured by topographic methods were studied and the ratio of the actual depth to the targeted (ideal) depth was calculated. We compared ratios between CM and topographic methods. RESULTS: Correlation coefficients between ideal depth and topographic measurement were 0.558 (M1), 0.469 (M2), and 0.301 (M3). Targeted intubation depth in the total group was 91(71.7%) for CM, 101(79.5%) for M1, 95(74.8%) for M2, and 90(70.9%) for M3. Among females, targeted intubation depth was 38(66.7%) for CM, 49(86%, p<0.05) for M1, 43(75.4%) for M2, and 44(77.2%) for M3. CONCLUSION: The topographic method is simple and rapid, and may be useful for individualizing measurement to each patient. Using a topographic method is expected to reduce complications during intubation in the ED, especially in women and when Method 1 is used.
Acromioclavicular Joint ; Female ; Humans ; Intubation ; Lip ; Mandible ; Nipples ; Sternum