Histiocytosis X is characterized by aggregates of Langerhans cells with other inflammatory cells. These Langerhans cells are antigen-presenting cells to T lymphocytes and identified by characteristic morphology, ultrastructural demonstration of Birbeck granules and immunologic reactivity with OKT-6 and HLA-DR antibodies. In this report, the tumor arising in a 2-years-old baby was examined byimmunostaining with several macrophage/dendritic cell markers. The main tumor cells showed cytoplasmic and nuclear staining with S-100 protein and ring-like surface and paranuclear staining with PNA. However, they were negative for follicular dendritic cell marker CD21, macrophage markers lysozyme, Mac 387, alpha-1 antitrypsin and CD68, and interdigitating reticulum cell marker ID4 and ID5. These observations demonstrate the usefulness of S-100 protein and PNA for the identification of Langerhans cells in paraffin-embedded tissue.

No abstract available.
Aortic Valve*

This study was carried out to demonstrate the mode of ADR-induced cell death(apoptosis) on the light and electron microscopic features, to measure the apoptotic index dependent on various doses of ADR, to investigate the possible mechanism of apoptosis induced by ADR, and to evaluate ISNT method for the detection of DNA strand break. HeLa cells were treated with various doses of ADR 0.1~100.0 microgram/ml and observed under the light and transmission electron microscopes at 6 hours, 1 day and 3 days after ADR treatment. In addition, DNA strand breaks induced by ADR were detected in HeLa cells using the in situ nick translation(ISNT) method. The results were as follows: 1) The cell viability of HeLa cells decreased and the apoptotic index increased following exposure to ADR in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in about 44% of apoptotic index at 100.0 microgram/ml of ADR treatment. 2) Light microscopically, HeLa cells treated with ADR showed shrinkage or condensation of nucleus and cytoplasm. There were various unclear changes showing irregular, large, delineated masses of condensed chromatin abutting on the nuclear envelopes. Later stage of apoptosis revealed contracted and condensed cytoplasm with irregular cell membrane. Electron microscopically, margination of condensed chromatin, dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum under the plasma membrane, aggregation of cytoplasmic organelles with morphologically intact mitochondria, and irregular cell surface with blebbing were observed. 3) ISNT using biotinylated dUTP exhibited strong positive nuclear staining in HeLa cells treated with ADR. There was a marked response at 10.0~20.0 microgram/ml of ADR treatment. It is concluded from the above results that the death of HeLa cells induced by ADR was apoptotic in type based on light and electron microscopic appearance. The apoptotic index correlated with the increasing dose of ADR. ISNT with biotinylated dUTP led to visible evidence of DNA strand breaks following ADR treatment of HeLa cells. ISNT can be used for detection of DNA degradation, caused by activation of endogenous endonuclease, which is an early and specific characteristic of apoptosis.

Recent advance in the field of microvacular surgery has popularized the reattachment of severed digit, with increasing success rate and improving functional regain. Reattachment surgery was performed in six digits, two thumbs and four fingers, which had been amputated at or distal to the level of DIP joint. Microvascular anastomosis of one digital artery was done and the venous drainage was reestablished with blood letting from the pulp of each digit. There was one failure in which hypersensitivity to heparin was present, while all other five showed success. Postoperatively considerable sensory recovery was present in all.
Arteries ; Drainage ; Fingers ; Heparin ; Hypersensitivity ; Joints ; Linear Energy Transfer ; Thumb

In the whole arm type of brachial plexus injury, the nerve grafting method give the best result. As it is impossible, however to operate the preganglionic whole arm type by interfascicular nerve graft, the treatment of this type of injury is difficult. In this lesion, neurotization may be the only useful method. To evaluate it's efficacy, 38 cases of multiple neurotization have been reviewed. The follow up period was on average 45 months(24 months to 76 months). The results are as follows: 1. Motor or sensory improvement of good or better results was observed in 27 nerves(29%) and that of better-than-fair results in 54 nerves(57%). 2. The best results were obtained in patients less than thirty year old and in the patients where the operation was performed within the first six months after injury(19 cases, 42%). 3. The use of spinal accessory, phrenic, intercostal and supraclavicular nerves, as a source of neurotization produced similar results. Phrenic nerve neurotization was performed without any significant respiratory difficulty. 4. The results of neurotization were analysed by Kim's method. Functional recovery of the upper extremity showed relatively poor results. 5. Out of the 25 patients who had developed a painful syndrome before neurotization, 19 cases(60%) showed improvement of the symptom. Multiple neurotization in preganglionic whole arm type of brachial plexus injury is of a little value in improving upper extremity function. Nerve neurotization can not always make a paralysed upper limb useful, because it is impossible to control the digits and intrinsic muscles in the hand and to restorate fine sensation by it. Nevertheless, functional recovery of the paralyzed upper limb, compared with no previous muscle contraction, encourages patients who have suffered serious brachial plexus injuries to start an active their life again.
Arm ; Brachial Plexus ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hand ; Humans ; Methods ; Muscle Contraction ; Muscles ; Nerve Transfer ; Phrenic Nerve ; Sensation ; Transplants ; Upper Extremity

No abstract available.
Oligoclonal Bands*

No abstract available.
Humans*

Authors performed 25 corneal grafts in 24 patients since the inauguration of The Central Eye Bank, attached to the Department of Ophthalmology, St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Medical College, in April 19, 1967. Method and results of these cases are as follows; METHOD: In technique of surgery, the grafts in most of the cases were 7 mm in diameter(Table 3), in two types of penetrating and lamellar corneal grafts(Table 4). The donor material came from patient age group of 51-60 years old in most and was used within 24 hours after death (Table 5). In most cases we placed 12 interrupted sutures except of two cases for continuous suture by 8-0 virgin silks. Preoperative and postoperative cares were routine with systemic dexamethasone, 7.0mg a day was given routinely on the 5 th postoperative day for 30-50 days because of prevention of graft rejection. RESULTS AND SUMMARY: Table 7 summbrizes the results of our observation. Nineteen of the 25 grafts remained clear. And there was improved vision above 20/200 in ten eyes out of nineteen clear grafts. Table 10 lists the reasons why nine clear grafts did not improve vision. Postoperative complications occurred in fourteen grafts (Table 11). Penetrating corneal grafts for adherent leucoma courneae, staphyloma corneae and corneal scars from alkaline burn were failed to maintaining the clear graft. The donor material, the recipient cornea, graft rejection as a complication and its prevantion were discussed. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: We wish to express our sincere gratitude to an those who have guided in carrying out the present investigation. In particular, We are jndebted to Dr. Bon Sool Koo, Former Chief and Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Catholic Medical College. Dr. Sang Wook Rhee. Chief and Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Catholic Medical College.
Burns ; Cicatrix ; Cornea ; Corneal Transplantation* ; Dexamethasone ; Eye Banks ; Graft Rejection ; Humans ; Ophthalmology ; Postoperative Complications ; Silk ; Sutures ; Tissue Donors ; Transplants*

Interaction with Candida albicans (C. albicans) causes secretion of a variety of cytokines by macrophages. Although macrophages and neutrophils are thought to be major effector cell types in inflammation, fibroblasts have also been shown to participate in a wide array of inflammatory reactions. The patterns of cytokine gene (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10) expression have been examined in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts (NIH 3T3) and thioglycollate-elicited murine peritoneal macrophages (macrophages) in response to Candida spp. (C. albicans and C. tropicalis) and compared with NIH 3T3 and macrophage cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by using RT-PCR. Active and heat inactivated (100'C, 30min) C. albicans and C. tropicalis were used at 1:10 (macrophages or NIH 3T3: yeasts ratio) concentration as a stimulators. Active and inactivated forms of Candidn spp. induced same patterns of cytokine gene expression on macrophages or NIH 3T3 cells. IL-6 mRNA was induced on both macrophages and fibroblasts, but IL-4 mRNA was not induced on both of them. Howerver, IL-10 mRNA expression was observed differently in that it was expressed in macrophages but not in fibroblasts. C. albicans-induced cytokine mRNA expression were same to C. tropicalis-induced one. C. albicans or C. tropicalis-induced cytokines gene expression (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10) showed same patterns to LPS-induced one. These observation provide that, although C. albicans and C. tropicalis have different pathogenic activity, they can induce the expression of Th2 cell-derived cytokine genes with same patterns, and IL-10 gene expression may be in a cell type specific manner. But further experiment with various kinds of fibroblasts is needed to determine cell type-specific manner in C. albicans or C. tropicalis-induced IL-10 gene expression.
Animals ; Candida albicans ; Candida* ; Cytokines ; Fibroblasts* ; Gene Expression* ; Hot Temperature ; Inflammation ; Interleukin-10 ; Interleukin-4 ; Interleukin-6 ; Macrophages ; Macrophages, Peritoneal* ; Mice* ; Neutrophils ; NIH 3T3 Cells ; RNA, Messenger ; Yeasts

Development of the human colorectal cancer is associated with several distinct genetic abnormalities involving both dominant-acting oncogenes (K-ras, c-src) and tumor suppressor genes (APC, DCC, p53) which undergo inactivation or loss. In colorectal tumors, the common molecular alteration is localized in the 17p13 and 5q21 loci encoding the p53 and the APC gene, respectively. The identification of these genes may help the understanding of the pathogenesis of colorectal neoplasia. In order to determine whether the frequency of the genetic alterations varies with sex, age, tumor size, or site, including pathologic parameters, such as degree of differentiation, tumor stage, mucin component, lymphoid reaction, tumor invasion pattern, vein and nerve invasion, lymph node metastasis, and other parameters, such as disease-free survival, distant metastasis and patient outcome, the authors analyzed the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the APC and the p53 genes in paraffin-embedded specimens of 48 colorectal cancers by use of the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. The results were as follows: the LOH affecting the APC was found in 15 out of 31 (48.4%) heterozygous patients, while the LOH of the p53 locus was observed in 11 out of 26 (42.3%) patients. Among 48 patients, the LOH at both the APC and the p53 loci was observed in five (10.4%) patient. No statistically significant associations were found between the LOH of the APC gene and the proposed parameters. The relationship between the LOH of the p53 and the histologic differentiation, lymphoid reaction was significant (P<0.05), but survival was not correlated. Statistically significant associations were found between overall survival of the colorectal cancer patients and distant metastasis, Astler-Coller stage, lymphoid reaction, invasion pattern, nerve invasion, vein invasion, lymph node metastasis, and disease free survival. The above results suggest that the LOH of the p53 genes could be involved in the progression of colorectal cancers. However, neither the LOH of the APC nor that of the p53 have significant association with survival of the colorectal cancer patients.
Colorectal Neoplasms* ; Disease-Free Survival ; Genes, APC ; Genes, p53 ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor* ; Humans ; Loss of Heterozygosity* ; Lymph Nodes ; Mucins ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Oncogenes ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Veins