PURPOSE: The incidence of genitourinary tuberculosis(tbc) has consistently declined as results of effective chemotherapy and health care. But it still has significant associated morbidity. The pathogenesis of prostatic and epididymal tbc remains obscure. To assess the progress of tuberculous infection in sex accessory organs including prostate, epididymis and testis, prospective clinical study was performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of the 58 male patients with genitourinary tbc during a 8-year period(1989-1996), 23 patients (39.7%) had tuberculosis in sex accessory organs. Thirty patients who demonstrated tuberculosis in at least one organ amomg prostate, epididymis, testis and bladder were evaluated. The conclusive diagnosis was made on the basis of isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, histopathology. A patients with organ confined tbc was considered to be caused by metastatic spread of infection. RESULTS: In 12(40%) of 30 patients tubercle bacilli were detected in urine. 14(87.5%) of the 16 patients with tuberculous epididymitis and 10(76.9%) of the 13 patients with tuberculous prostatitis were considered to have an infection extended through the metastatic spread. Three(25%) patients had tuberculous cystitis directly extended from the tuberculous prostatitis. All three tuberculous orchitis were secondary to the tuberculous epididymitis. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the route of infection of tuberculosis in the prostate and the epididymis are mainly through the hematogenous spread and direct extension of infection is likely deveploped by descending spread.
Cystitis ; Delivery of Health Care ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Epididymis ; Epididymitis ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Orchitis ; Prospective Studies ; Prostate ; Prostatitis ; Testis ; Tuberculosis* ; Urinary Bladder

OBJECTIVES: The purpose was to explore sources of Koreans' life meaning and determine its structure that is reflective of Koreans' unique culture and values. METHODS: The study consisted of both qualitative and quantitative research methods. To this end, two sample data sets were collected. Study One was an exploratory study in which the qualitative component was conducted in order to gather all possible attributes of sources of life meaning among Koreans. All possible sources of life meaning were extracted through content analysis. Study Two was a quantitative study using a closed questionnaire and conducted in order to determine the structure of Koreans' life meaning by measuring Koreans' current level of life meaning. For the study, factor analysis was carried out. RESULTS: From Study One, 106 attributes of all possible sources of Koreans' life meaning were extracted. In Study Two, factor analysis with the responses from 638 subjects reduced 106 attributes to 53 attributes and ten factors were extracted as Koreans' sources of life meaning: Achievement, Security, Religion, Acceptance & Affirmation, Relationship, Self-Transcendence, Good Character, Self-Discipline, Physical Health and Intimate Friend. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICIATIONS: Among the ten factors extracted from this study, the factors of Security, Acceptance and Affirmation, Good Character, Self-Discipline, and Physical Health are Koreans' unique factors of Life Meaning, while Achievement, Religion, Relationship, Self-Transcendence and Intimate Friend are comparable to Wong's1) Personal Meaning Profile for Canadians. It implies that it is necessary to develop Koreans' own measurement tool in order to assess their life meaning properly. However, because this study was an exploratory in developing Koreans' life meaning mea-surement and had several limitations, in order to determine structure of Koreans' life meaning, further study must be necessary.
Dataset ; Friends ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: Obesity has been accepted as the rusk factor of major chronic diseases in our society. And nutritional assessment is the important issue in respect to obesity evaluation. A self-administrated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire of which validity is recognized is used in nutritional assessment. But the relationship between nutritional assessment resulted from the questionnaire and the obesity index has not been built until now, so we studied about this relationship. METHODS: Among 324 adults who had visited health screening center from June'95 to August '96, 270 adults were evaluated except who had any chronic disease such as diabetes mellitus, pulmonary tuberculosis, thyroid disease by screening data or low calorie diet for aimed weight loss or inadequate Questionnaire. Nutritional intake was assessed by the self-administrated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. We evaluated the activity grade, obesity indices such as body mass index(BMI), waist to hip ratio(WHR), percent body fat using bioelectrical impedance fatness analyzer and serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride. Then we examined the correlation between obesity Indices and nutritional variables each other. We analyzed these results using Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: We evaluated for a group of 164 men and 106 women whose mean age was 43.9 years, mean BMI was 23.2kg/m2, mean WHR was 0.85 and mean percent body fat was 21.2%. Correlation coefficient between calorie intake to recommended calorie ratio(ICRCR) and BMI was 0.13(P<0.05), WHR was 0.11(P> OR =0.05), and percent body fat was 0.07(P> OR =0.05). Fats intake to recommended fats ratio(IFRFR) and obesity indices didn't show the significant correlation between them. We could not find the significant correlation between cholesterol intake and serum total cholesterol, triglyceride but the significant negative correlation between cholesterol intake and serum HDL-cholesterol(r=-0.14) was found. CONCLUSIONS: Only BMI among obesity indices and ICRCR showed low(r=0.13) correlation coefficient although it is significant. Our results shows that obesity is the complex syndrome influenced by genetic, social, psychological, medical variables besides nutritional impacts.
Adipose Tissue ; Adult ; Caloric Restriction ; Cholesterol ; Chronic Disease ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Electric Impedance ; Fats ; Female ; Hip ; Humans ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Nutrition Assessment* ; Obesity* ; Thyroid Diseases ; Triglycerides ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary ; Weight Loss ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: As people have been interested in healt,h and as the microcomputers with multimedia steeing have been supplied more and more, there is increasing need of multimedia information about health. The CD-ROM, which is a representative multimedia tool, is capable of interacting between information-provider and users, offering audiovisual interface, and saving great deal of knowledge. METHODS: We developed the health-information system to provide ordinary people with hea1th information using multimedia tools. It, has 7 parts ; self-diagnosis, exploring human body, drug information, hospital information, first-aid treatment, Q and A, and medical common sense. We got image data such as figures, photos, X-rays, electrocardiograms and pathologic specimens with scanner and film scanner, also moving image(video) with video-capturing program. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: We hope the multimedia health-information system to become a useful methodology of patient education and to be used as an information source in medical information network in the near future.
CD-ROM ; Electrocardiography ; Hope ; Human Body ; Information Services ; Microcomputers ; Multimedia* ; Patient Education as Topic

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is the most common and well-known condition occurring after intentional or unintentionalcessation or decreasing heavy drinking. Approximately 5-10% of these people are suffering from serious medical and psychiatricproblems, withdrawal seizures, perceptual disturbances, and delirium tremens. Despite acute medical conditions with the highmortality of severe AWS, proper management could decrease the severity and mortality of AWS. The Clinical Institute withdrawalassessment for alcohol-revised version is a valid, reliable, and sensitive instrument for assessing the clinical course and thetreatment monitoring of alcohol withdrawal. Benzodiazepine is the pharmacotherapy of choice for alcohol withdrawal. Diazepamor lorazepam treatment is best initiated early in the course of alcohol withdrawal to prevent progression to more severewithdrawal. There are three strategies for the pharmacotherapy of AWS. After the treatment of AWS, most patients should bemanaged or treated by the continuing care, including the psychosocial treatments, community-based management, and programsfor preventing recurrence of AWS.

BACKGROUND: Since metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing isolates can hydrolyze carbapenem and also easily transfer the resistance genes to other bacteria, a rapid and accurate detection of MBL has become very important. We evaluated the utility of Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) biplate containing dipicolinic acid (DPA) as a screening method to detect IMP-1 and VIM-2 type MBL-producing isolates. METHODS: Based on our preliminary tests using various concentrations of DPA, 200 and 300 microg/mL concentration of DPA were chosen for further study. Bacterial lawns were grown on MHA biplate, one half of which contained DPA while the other did not. The inhibition zone around the imipenem (IPM) disk on both sides of this plate was compared. The stability of DPA in the stored DPA-MHA biplate was also evaluated during three months using two MBL- and one non-MBL-producing isolates. RESULTS: When the criterion of a > or =7 mm increase of inhibition zone around the IPM disk on the MHA containing DPA compared to MHA without DPA was used, the sensitivities and specificities were 94.7% and 97.6% for 200 microg/mL DPA-MHA biplate, and 98.2% and 97.6% for 300 microg/mL DPA-MHA biplate, respectively. The activity of the DPA in this biplate was stable for three months. CONCLUSIONS: Assays using DPA 300-MHA biplate were highly sensitive and specific for the detection of IMP-1 and VIM-2 type MBL-producing bacteria. In addition, it is easy to perform; so, it may be useful to apply this method for detection of IMP-1 and VIM-2 type MBL in clinical laboratories.
Agar ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; Bacteriological Techniques ; Chelating Agents/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects/enzymology/*isolation & purification ; Imipenem/*pharmacology ; Picolinic Acids/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; beta-Lactamases/*analysis/biosynthesis

OBJECTIVE: Personality is defined as the trait-like qualities of a person. However, it has been recently suggested that the state effect of a situation leads to changes in scores on personality assessments. We predicted that traumatic experiences would induce changes not only in personality scores but also in the factor structures of personality assessments. METHODS: MethodsaaWe conducted a cross-sectional, case-controlled study using two data sets: a traumatized adolescent sample (n=71) and a non-traumatized adolescent sample (n=296). Personality factor structures were compared between the two samples using exploratory factor analyses for 25 lower-ordered subscales of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). In the non-traumatized sample, evaluation of the scree plot suggested a five-factor solution supporting TCI's original seven-factor model. RESULTS: The traumatized sample showed a three-factor structure representing a biological factor, a social factor and an existential factor. This decrease in number of personality factors was caused by strengthened correlations among personality subscales related to coping with traumatic situations. Cloninger's psychobiological model of personality (i.e., temperament-character) was adequate in capturing personality traits of non-traumatized adolescents, but the tripartite view of existential psychology (i.e., body-mind-spirit) clearly corresponded to the factor structure of the traumatized adolescents. CONCLUSION: The three-factor solution of the present traumatized group is consistent with the tripartite model of personality (i.e., body-mind-spirit), while the five-factor solution of the non-traumatized group corresponds to Cloninger's seven-factor model. This is the first study to describe the state effects of traumatic experiences on personality structure.
Adolescent ; Biological Factors ; Case-Control Studies ; Existentialism ; Humans ; Personality Assessment ; Temperament

OBJECTIVES: In our studies, we have made efforts to compare illness representation among the pathological gamblers, social gamblers, the family members of gambler, the gambling industry employees, and general adults and to investigate what kinds of illness representation make an estimate of therapy intention. METHODS: 222 gambling users, 125 family members of gambler, 95 employees in gambling industry, and 1383 general adults were included in this study. Symptom representation, negative characteristic representation, negative consequence representation, internal and external attribution representation, spontaneous recovery representation, recovery representation through therapeutic help of speciality, time lapse representation were constructed and included for illness representation of pathological gambling. RESULTS: 1) Pathological gamblers had lower symptoms, negative characteristics, negative consequences and therapeutic help seeking representation than other groups, on the other hand higher external attribution representation and spontaneous recovery representation. 2) Families of problem gambler have inconsistent characteristics higher external attribution and negative consequences and lower therapeutic help seeking representation. 3) It was founded that negative consequences representation and external representation were low in gambling industry employees. 4) The more symptom representation increased and external attribution decreased, the more therapeutic intention increased in case of problem gamblers and their families. CONCLUSION: Pathological gamblers have the lowest awareness and acceptance on mental problem caused by excessive gambling. However, suggested that family members of gambler and gambling industry employees also have partially self defensive and contradicted representations. It was suggested that awareness on severity of symptom and internal attribution representation needs to be increased in order to participate therapeutic place.
Adult ; Gambling* ; Hand ; Humans ; Intention

OBJECTIVE: Easy triggering of trauma-related episodic memory fragments caused by perceptual cues is tied to strong perceptual priming in the implicit memory system. And among benzodiazepines, only lorazepam has been consistently reported to have an atypical suppression effect on perceptual priming processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of single doses of lorazepam, diazepam, and a placebo on intrusive memories after exposure to a distressing videotape and to explore whether the anti-intrusive effect of lorazepam is acquired as a result of the suppression of perceptual but not conceptual priming processes. METHODS: Under prospective, randomized, and double-blind conditions, we compared the anti-intrusion effect of a single dose of lorazepam (n=22) with that of diazepam (n=22) and a placebo (n=21) in young healthy Korean college students following exposure to a traumatic videotape. RESULTS: We present the first finding for an anti-intrusion effect of lorazepam. One day after the medication, lorazepam, rather than diazepam or the placebo, significantly reduced the extent of intrusion and data-driven processing of the traumatic information. There were no differences among the three conditions in state anxiety, depression, and an arousal scale throughout the experiment. CONCLUSION: Results from this study suggest the possibility of lorazepam as a candidate anti-intrusion drug, as well as the cautious use of diazepam in the treatment of PTSD patients. The anti-intrusive effect of lorazepam is directly related to its atypical inhibitory effect on implicit perceptual priming processes. The present study provides support for the enhanced perceptual priming hypothesis of PTSD.
Benzodiazepines ; Cues ; Diazepam ; Humans ; Lorazepam* ; Memory ; Memory, Episodic ; Prospective Studies ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ; Videotape Recording

BACKGROUND: Somato-sensory evoked potential (SSEP) monitoring has been used to help minimize neurologic morbidity during spinal surgery. However, SSEP is affected by anesthetics, technical errors and physiologic aspects. We reviewed 50 cases of spinal surgery done with total intravenous anesthesia under SSEP monitoring. METHODS: Fifty patients, ASA class I-II, free of neurologic disease and scheduled for elective spinal surgery were randomly selected for the study. All of the operations were performed under general anesthesia employing the method of total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and fentanyl (Group I, P-F) or ketamine (Group II, P-K), and monitored by SSEP. We checked the changes of blood pressure and heart rates during the operation, recorded latency and amplitude of SSEP in the pre-induction, post-induction, during screw insertion and post-distraction periods. Also, we checked the number transfers to the ICU and application of a ventilator. RESULTS: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were increased significantly in the propofol-ketamine group (P < 0.05), but there was no difference in heart rate between both groups. In addition there were no statistical differences in latencies and amplitudes of SSEP. The number of patients transferred to the ICU and placed on a ventilator showed no statistical difference. CONCLUSIONS: We think that the combination of propofol and fentanyl or ketamine used for total intravenous anesthesia is a very useful method in spinal surgery under SSEP monitoring.
Anesthesia* ; Anesthesia, General ; Anesthesia, Intravenous ; Anesthetics ; Blood Pressure ; Evoked Potentials* ; Fentanyl ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Ketamine ; Propofol ; Spine* ; Ventilators, Mechanical