A one step reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) combined nested PCR was set up to increase efficiency in the diagnosis of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection after developement of nested PCR. Two PCR primer sets were designed based on the sequence of nucleocapsid gene of CDV Onderstepoort strain. One-step RT-PCR with the outer primer pair was revealed to detect 10(2) PFU/ml. The sensitivity was increased hundredfold using the one-step RT-PCR combined with the nested PCR. Specificity of the PCR was also confirmed using other related canine virus and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and body secretes of healthy dogs. Of the 51 blood samples from dogs clinically suspected of CD, 45 samples were revealed as positive by one-step RT-PCR combined with nested PCR. However, only 15 samples were identified as positive with a single one step RT-PCR. Therefore approximately 60% increase in the efficiency of the diagnosis was observed by the combined method. These results suggested that one step RT-PCR combined with nested PCR could be a sensitive, specific, and practical method for diagnosis of CDV infection.
Animals ; Distemper Virus, Canine/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Dogs ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods/*veterinary ; RNA, Viral/genetics/isolation & purification ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; Viral Vaccines

No abstract available.
Aneurysm* ; Aorta*

No abstract available.
Arteries* ; Heart*

An analysis and CT findings in 21 adult patients of spontaneous intracerebral hematoma(SICH) mixed with CSF who were admitted to the Fatima Hospital from December 1986 to May 1989. The following results were obtained; 1) We could differentiated SICH that have inhomogenous density and thought that it is composed of blood, CSF and blood-CSF mixture. 2) Previously reported pathways that intracerebral hematoma rupture into the ventricle are caudate nucleus and thalamus but intracerebral hematoma can be mixed with CSF through the subarachnoid space of Sylvian fissure as an another route. 3) Intracerebral hematoma mixed with CSF was removed easily, safely and enoughly with simple aspiration method as like resoluted hematoma in subacute or chronic phase. 4) The prognosis of patients with SICH mixed with CSF was very good unlike to that of patients with pure intracerebral hematoma and/or ventricular hemorrhage.
Adult ; Caudate Nucleus ; Hematoma* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Prognosis ; Rupture ; Subarachnoid Space ; Thalamus

Three cases of chronic subdural hematoma superimposed on posttraumatic subdural hygroma are presented, with discussion of the development of the chronic subdural hematoma particularly. In all of these three cases the chronic subdural hematoma had occurred consequently to the posttraumatic subdural hygroma, but these diagnoses were done in variable periods of 20 days to 60 days. Therefore, it is suggested that the posttraumatic subdural hygroma have, at least, some relation to the genesis of the chronic subdural hematoma.
Diagnosis ; Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic* ; Subdural Effusion*

BACKGROUND: Smoking greatly increases the risk of cancer, cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis. Besides direct harm from smoking, some dietary pattern of smokers have been reported to increase such risk. This study aimed to analyze various nutrients by smoking status, and to find out whether smokers maintain harmful dietary patterns. METHODS: One thousand and six hundred fourteen men were selected who visited the health promotion center of an university hospital in Seoul. The inclusion criteria was the completion of dietary survey. Dietary analysis was done by calculation of amounts of each nutrients from 24-hour recall method. We compared total intake of each nutrients and total calories by smoking status with analysis of variance (ANOVA). Then we adjusted the results for exercise and education level by ANCOVA (analysis of covariance). RESULTS: The study subjects were 840 current smokers (52.0%), 479 ex-smokers (29.7%) and 295 non-smokers (18.3%). The consumption of total fat and cholesterol was significantly high in smokers than non-smokers (P=0.012, P=0.005). The alcohol intake was higher in smokers and ex-smokers than non-smokers (P <0.001, P=0.007). The smokers and ex-smokers had less calcium than non- smokers (P=0.001, P=0.044). Furthermore, the smokers exercised less than ex-smokers and non-smokers (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The smokers consumed more total fat and cholesterol which increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. They also had less calcium and drank more alcohol. Comprehensive approach which includes intervention for dietary intakes in addition to smoking cessation is desirable to decrease health risk for smokers.
Analysis of Variance ; Calcium ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cholesterol ; Diet ; Education ; Health Promotion* ; Humans ; Male* ; Osteoporosis ; Seoul ; Smoke* ; Smoking Cessation ; Smoking*

A rare case of otitis media following general anesthesia is presented. There was no obvious cause of otitis media. Normal functioning resumed after one week. The patient was given medications including antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs.
Anesthesia, General* ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Humans ; Otitis Media* ; Otitis*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: No definite concepts or nomenclature have yet been established in Korean for a number of different grafts used frequently in Korean rhinoplasty. The aims of this study were to define indications and usages of grafts frequently used in Korean rhinoplasty and to suggest appropriate Korean nomenclatures for these grafts. MATERIALS AND METHOD: We prepared diagrams and explanations for the grafts frequently used in rhinoplasty in Korea and suggested Korean nomenclature that were considered the most appropriate. We carried out a survey on the rhinoplasty experts in order to reach a consensus on the nomenclature. We also reviewed recent Korean articles on rhinoplasty to investigate how names of each graft had been translated into Korean nomenclature. RESULTS: We classified grafts according to anatomical locations; the nasal dorsum, the nasal tip, the alar region, and the alar base. Grafts of the nasal dorsum included radix graft, dorsal onlay graft, dorsal sidewall onlay graft, and spreader graft. Grafts of the nasal tip were the columellar strut, shield graft, buttress graft, cap graft, and septal extension graft. The alar batten graft, alar rim graft, composite alar rim graft, lateral crural onlay graft, and lateral crural strut graft belonged to grafts of the alar region. Grafts of the alar base included the columellar plumping graft, premaxillary graft, and alar base graft. The names of all these grafts were translated into Korean. CONCLUSION: We set definitions, indications, and usages of each graft, and suggested the most appropriate Korean nomenclature. We hope that this nomenclature can be widely accepted and used in future papers and books on Korean rhinoplasty.
Consensus ; Inlays ; Korea ; Rhinoplasty ; Succinates ; Transplants

Hydrocephalus refers to distension of the cerebral ventricles, usually as the result of obstruction somewhere along the pathway of the cerebrospinal fluid circulation. Hydrocephalus ex vacuo means ventricular enlargement in the presence of cerebral atrophy or irreversible loss of brain parenchyma. According to morphologic change of ventricular enlargement, the mechanism and results of treatment are quite different. MRI improves diagnostic accuracy in patients with hydrocephalus because of its ability to show small obstructing lesion and anatomical changes. To evaluate differential points, we compared patients with obstructive hydrocephalus and non-obstructive hydrocephalus. T1-weighted sagittal images were retrospectively analyzed in 19 patients with obstructive hydrocephalus, 22 non-obstructive hydrocephalus, and 36 normal subjects. On midsagittal section, we evaluated mamillopontine distance, thickness and shape and position of the corpus callosum, and antero-inferior portion of the 3rd ventricle. The average mamillopontine distance was 11.5mm for normal subjects, 8.2mm for obstructive hydrocephalus group, and 13.6mm for non-obstructive hydrocephalus group(p < 0.01). Dilatation of the anterior inferior portion of the 3rd ventricle was seen only in 11 patients of obstructive hydrocephalus group. Average thickness of the corpus callosum at the level of the foramen of Monro was 7.5mm for normal subjects, 5.1mm for obstructive hydrocephalus group, and 4.4mm for non-obstructive hydrocephalus group(p < 0.01). There was a difference in the shape of corpus callosum between obstructive hydrocephalus and non-obstructive hydrocephalus group. It is concluded that mamillopontine distance, thickness and shape of the corpus callosum, dilatation of the antero-inferior 3rd ventricle could be good differential points between obstructive hydrocephalus and non-obstructive hydrocephalus.
Atrophy ; Brain* ; Cerebral Ventricles ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Corpus Callosum ; Dilatation ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Retrospective Studies

BACKGROUND: Korea is an epidemic area of hepatitis B. There are needs for longitudinal study to measure quantity of hepatitis B infection status in Korea. This study was designed to observe natural course of hepatitis B markers in the same person for three years. The objective of this study was to investigate incidence of new infection and persistence of previous infection. METHODS: The study subjects were clients who visited a health examination center in Seoul twice with an interval of three years, from 1995 to 2000. They replied as nonvaccinee on both occasions for hepatitis B by self-administered questionnaire. Hepatits B markers were measured by radioimmunoassay on all visits. There were 103 subjects with 61 men and 42 women. RESULTS: The positive rate of hepatitis B surface antigen was 20.4% initially, which changed to 18.5% after three years. The positive rate of hepatitis B surface antigen was 20.4% initially, that was changed as 18.5% after three years. The positive rate of hepatitis B surface antibody was 61.2% initially, which increased to 66.0% after three years. The positive rates of hepatitis B surface antibody in men were 63.9% initially and 68.9% after three years, which showed statistically significant trend. (P=0.08). The positive rate of hepatitis B core antibody was 89.3%, which remained the same after three years. There was no positive conversion case of hepatitis B surface antigen. The negative conversion rate of hepatitis B surface antigen was 2/63(3.2%). The positive conversion rate of hepatitis B surface antibody was 7/40(17.5%), and negative conversion rate of that was 2/63(3.2%). The positive conversion rate of hepatitis B core antibody was 3/11(27.3%), and negative conversion rate of that was 3/92(3.3%). CONCLUSION: Hepatitis B markers changed in the direction of increase of infection incidence, rather than natural disappearance of markers in nonvaccinees. The mechanism was postulated as occurrence of new infection mainly, but the possibility of double infection by variants of hepatitis B virus could not be ruled out. We confirmed that positive rate of hepatitis B marker in males was not only higher cross-sectionally, but also increased higher longitudinally. We suggest a follow-up study of hepatits B markers to be performed because hepatits B markers showed dynamic changes. We think the high risk groups of hepatitis B infection have a priority in follow-up study.
Female ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; Hepatitis B virus ; Hepatitis B* ; Hepatitis* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Radioimmunoassay ; Seoul ; Surveys and Questionnaires