BACKGROUND: The pediatric CPR is rather uncommon practice than adult CPR in emergency room. Therefore, few interest and studies were focused in pediatric CPR. The object of this study is to make an analysis about pediatric CPR performed within hospital setting. METHOD: From January 1. 1990 to December 31. 1996, a total of 59 patients, less than 15-year-old, who received cardiopulmonary resuscitation were subject of this study. The study was done retrospective chart analysis for sex, age, weight, the place of cardiac arrest, initial EKG rhythms, endotracheal tube size, the causes of arrest, CPR time, ROSC, the amount and types of CPR drugs used during resuscitation. Wilcoxon rank sum test and chi2 test were used to compare the dose of drugs during CPR in each group. RESULTS: There were no statistical difference between ROSC and non-ROSC group in place of arrest, initial EKG rhythms, CPR time, dosage of CPR drugs. CONCLUSION: The uniform reporting guideline of pediatric advanced life support should be used for future pediatric CPR study, such as Utstein style guideline in pediatric CPR.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation* ; Electrocardiography ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Resuscitation ; Retrospective Studies

No abstract available.
Rhinoplasty*

No abstract available.
Epidural Abscess* ; Pott Puffy Tumor*

No abstract available.
Hearing*

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Brain Stem* ; Brain* ; Serotonergic Neurons*

The fine structure of cells in the trigeminal mesencephalic (Me5) nucleus in the rat was studied by transmission electron microscopy. This nucleus located in the mid-brain and the rostral portion of the pons, most neurons in the caudal part of Me5 nucleus were sufficiently large (40~50micrometer) and appeared as round-shaped unipolar cells. The Me5 neurons had a large, round, centrally located nucleus, and their cytoplasm contained numerous mitochondria, dense granular endoplasmic reticulum, abundant Golgi apparatus, groups of free ribosomes, some heterogeneous particles and neurofilaments. Cell surfaces were studded irregularly with small spinouts processes, and they contained a few fine irregularly arranged neurofilaments and some granular endoplasmic reticulum. Boutons contacting the soma of Me5 neurons were defined as axosomatic synapses and bostons contacting dendrites located between the Me5 neurons were defined as axodendritic synapses. Based on differences in bouton and vesicle morphology, the four synaptic bouton types were identified. 1. Asymmetrical as well as symmetrical synapses with small round vesicles. 2. Asymmetrical synapses with pleomorphic admixture contained predominantlyspherical vesicles. 3. Symmetrical synapses with pleomorphic vesicles of flattened, spherical and dense-core vesicles. 4. Asymmetrical as well as symmetrical synapses with heterogeneous and large dense-core vesicles. Synaptic boutons containing round vesicles and large dense-core vesicles were most frequently observed.
Animals ; Carisoprodol ; Cytoplasm ; Dendrites ; Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough ; Golgi Apparatus ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Mitochondria ; Neurons ; Pons ; Presynaptic Terminals ; Rats* ; Ribosomes ; Synapses

Astragalus membranaceus is used as a natural herbal medicine in East Asia for preventing carcinogenesis and reducing side effects induced by chemotherapy in cancer patients. Although the mechanism of anti-tumor activity is not known, the polysaccharides may potentiate the host defense mechanism through the activation of immune system. The objective of this study is to investigate the mechanism by which APS activates macrophages. To analyze macrophage activation and iNOS gene expression, we performed nitrite generation assay, immunohistochemistry, and RT-PCR. In the present study we show that a polysaccharide isolated from the Astragalus membranaceus (Astragalus Polysaccharide, APS) significantly induces nitric oxide (NO). Immunohistochemical staining of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) showed that the increase of NO was due to the induction of iNOS production. To further study the mechanism responsible for the induction of iNOS, we investigated the effect of APS on the iNOS mRNA expression. RT-PCR analysis showed that APS produced significant induction of iNOS gene expression. In conclusion, we demonstrate that a polysaccharide isolated from Astragalus membranaceus stimulates macrophages to generate NO through the activation of iNOS gene expression.
Astragalus membranaceus* ; Carcinogenesis ; Drug Therapy ; Far East ; Gene Expression ; Herbal Medicine ; Humans ; Immune System ; Immunohistochemistry ; Macrophage Activation ; Macrophages ; Nitric Oxide ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Polysaccharides ; RNA, Messenger

BACKGROUND: We designed this study to determine whether trauma history and initial assessment anticipate the injury severity of the free-fall patient. METHODS: Two hundred patients who admitted emergency department of Severance hospital because of the fall from a height were enrolled in this study. The height of fall, the body orientation, and the characteristics of impacted material, and the Injury Severity Score(ISS) were evaluated by retrospective chart reviews. And regression equations were determined for predicting ISS on the basis of clinical parameters using multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: According to the characteristics of impacted material, the ISS was higher in the hard surface(13.7+/-9.5) than the sort surface(10.5+/-8.8)(p<0.05). There were correlations between height of fall and ISS(p<0.01, r=0.5). To the body orientation, the ISS was higher in the head-to-feet orientation(18.211.7) than the feet-to-head(10.9+/- 7.0) or other position(8.5+/-5.8)(p<0.01). The regression equations were as follows, ISS=2 +0.082xage(year)-1.54x(Glasgow Coma Scale)-3x(feet-to-head orientation)+0.65x height of fall(m)+2.7 x (hand surface)(p<0.01, R2=0.53). CONCLUSION: This study suggest that the injury severity of patient with free fall are significancy related to the height of fall, the characteristics of impacted material and the body orientation.
Coma ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies

Calcium-binding proteins play an important role in the protection, differentiation, and reorganization of the central nervous system. The effects of neonatal retinal deafferentiation on calretinin, and tracing of retinotectal pathway were examined immunohistochemically in the superficial layer of the rat superior colliculus. Tracing with cholera toxin was revealed on the superior colliculus contralateral to the ocular injection. On the contralateral side of superior colliculus, the calretinin-immunoreactive (IR) cells were dramatically increased, calretinin-IR fibers were markedly decreased in the superficial layer. These results show that retinal deafferentation results in an increase of calretinin-immunoreactive cells within the superficial layers of the superior colliculus, which suggest reorganization of neurons in superior colliculus.
Animals ; Calbindin 2 ; Calcium-Binding Proteins ; Central Nervous System ; Cholera Toxin ; Eye Enucleation* ; Neurons ; Rats* ; Retinaldehyde ; Superior Colliculi