Many factors exert an influence on enzyme activity and thus on the rate of reactions that they catalyse. The most important of these factors are pH, temperature, substrate concentration, and the concentration of some inhibitors present. A solution of the enzyme diastase, which breaks down molecules of the polysaccharide starch to the disaccharide maltose by hydrolysis, was provided. Activity of these enzyme was measured by the rate at which starch was removed from the reaction mixture. These experiments were designed to study this reaction rate under varying conditions and the following results were obtained. 1. The range of optimum pH for this enzyme at room temperature was 4.0-7.0 and the optimum pH was 5.0. 2. The range of optimum temperatures for this enzyme at pH 7.0 was 30-50 degrees C and the optimum temperature was 40 degrees C. 3. The relationship between the enzyme activity and substrate concentration could be expressed by the Michaelis-Menten equation. The limiting velocity of these enzyme at room temperature and pH 7.0 was 415 microgram starch removed/ml of reaction mixture/min and Km, Michaelis constant, was 343 microgram/ml. 4. Inhibitors NaCl and HgCl2 blocked this enzyme activity completely at 1% and 0.01% respectively.
Amylases* ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hydrolysis ; Maltose ; Mercuric Chloride ; Starch ; Water*

Twenty-five paraffin-embedded tumor tissues were analyzed for detection of HPV 16 and 18 in cervical adenocarcinoma by polymerase chain reaction with type specific primers and by non-radioactive Southern blot hybridization for confirmation . The suitability of paraffin-embedded tissue as PCR material was confirmed by successful amplification of 100% of cervical specimens with human -globin specific primer. Eighty four percent of the cervical adenocarcinoma tissues were positive for HPV 16 and/or 18. HPV 16 positive rate was 68%, HPV 18 was 60%. The double infection with HPV 16 and 18 was found in 44%. Three cases of the negative specimen in PCR for each type of HPV DNA 16 and 18 were positive in Southern blot hybridization. The total positive rate was 92% for HPV 16 and/or HPV 18, HPV 16 positive rate was 80%. HPV 18 was 72%. The double infection with HPV 16 and 18 was 60%. These results suggest that the pattern of HPV types 16 and 18 is closely associated with carcinogenesis of cervical cancers. HPV type 18 appears to be preferentially related to cervical adenocarcinoma and the poor prognosis of these patients. Therefore, determination of HPV DNA type in cervical carcinoma patients is important in treatment and prognosis.
Humans ; Adenocarcinoma

No abstract available.
Neck*

Ideal results of augmentation mammaplasty consist of symmetry, natural shape, soft feeling and inconspicuous scar. In addition, patient's preferences about size and shape should be included. Static implants could not perfectly satisfy patients' desires for size and shape, but expandable implants enable to change the volume after the operation. From September 2001 to September 2004, 76 patients(150 breasts) underwent breast augmentation using permanent expandable implant. The procedure was unilateral in 2 women and bilateral in 74 women. Age ranged from 19 to 50 years(mean, 29 years). Fifty nine patients underwent simple augmentation mammaplasty, 7 patients were corrected of their severe asymmetry, 2 patients with the congenital breast deformity underwent mammaplasty using this, and 2 patients who had undergone unilateral mastectomy were reconstructed of their breasts using expandable implant. There were no definite complications such as capsular contracture, implant rupture, asymmetry. And there reported little dissatisfaction about the size. The permanent expandable implants might be good alternatives in cases of ordinary breast augmentation as well as tissue deficient patients, asymmetry, congenital anomaly, and breast reconstruction.
Breast* ; Cicatrix ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Female ; Humans ; Implant Capsular Contracture ; Mammaplasty ; Mastectomy ; Rupture

PURPOSE: Free nipple graft reduction mammaplasty is a simple and effective way to reduce huge breasts. However, this technique is frequently criticized for producing poor projection and hypopigmentation of the nipple areola complex(NAC). METHODS: Sixty three patients(126 breasts) underwent the procedure from 1998 to 2005. Authors' method is similar with the modified Gradinger's technique except the keyhole pattern. After skin flap closing, the position of NAC is determined considering symmetry. The NAC is initially harvested and then resection of the breast followed, leaving a deepithelized inferior parenchymal pedicle(5 x 5cm). The upper point of inferior pedicle is sutured to the fascia of the pectoralis to produce the upper bulge. The nipple is replaced as a free and composite graft. RESULTS: An average of 823grams of breast tissue per breast was removed. There was no major complications. All grafted nipples showed long lasting projection. And also, all NAC eventually regained their normal color except for 3 patients who needed medical tattoos. The overall results were good and patient satisfactory score was high. CONCLUSION: This useful technique greatly enhances long lasting projection and recovers nipple color.
Breast* ; Fascia ; Female ; Humans ; Hypopigmentation ; Mammaplasty ; Nipples* ; Skin ; Transplants*

PURPOSE: Free nipple graft reduction mammaplasty is a simple and effective way to reduce huge breasts. However, this technique is frequently criticized for producing poor projection and hypopigmentation of the nipple areola complex(NAC). METHODS: Sixty three patients(126 breasts) underwent the procedure from 1998 to 2005. Authors' method is similar with the modified Gradinger's technique except the keyhole pattern. After skin flap closing, the position of NAC is determined considering symmetry. The NAC is initially harvested and then resection of the breast followed, leaving a deepithelized inferior parenchymal pedicle(5 x 5cm). The upper point of inferior pedicle is sutured to the fascia of the pectoralis to produce the upper bulge. The nipple is replaced as a free and composite graft. RESULTS: An average of 823grams of breast tissue per breast was removed. There was no major complications. All grafted nipples showed long lasting projection. And also, all NAC eventually regained their normal color except for 3 patients who needed medical tattoos. The overall results were good and patient satisfactory score was high. CONCLUSION: This useful technique greatly enhances long lasting projection and recovers nipple color.
Breast* ; Fascia ; Female ; Humans ; Hypopigmentation ; Mammaplasty ; Nipples* ; Skin ; Transplants*

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the incidence of complications accompanying tracheostomy, and in addition, to suggest ways to prevent serious complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed tracheostomy in 168 patients and their data were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Twenty one patients (12.5%) had complications directly related to tracheostomy. The most common complication was postoperative bleeding which accounted for 11 cases (6.7%). Others complications included pneumothorax which claimed 3 cases (1.8%) with reduced morbidity, cannula dislodgment claimed 3 cases (1.8%), cannula obstruction 2, wound infection 2 and tracheal stenosis 2. Among them, two patients died of tracheostomy complications. Decannulation was tried in 44 patients, but it fell short since only 11 patients were decannulated without difficulty. The rest of patients could not be decannulated because of various reasons including death, underlying disease, subglottic stenosis, tracheal stenosis or vocal cord palsy. CONCLUSION: In order to avoid complications of tracheostomy, it is important to treat preoperatively the tendency to bleeding, and meticulously control it during the operation as well. Also, the use of longer cannulas and tracheal fenestration technique is helpful for patients with short and stocky neck. Positive pressure applied through the cannula can make serious complications such as pneumothorax when cannula-obstruction or cannuladislodgment is suspected and the high volume-low pressure cuff is useful to prevent the decannulation difficulties by longterm cannulation, especially in patients using ventilator.
Catheterization ; Catheters ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Incidence ; Neck ; Pneumothorax ; Retrospective Studies ; Tracheal Stenosis ; Tracheostomy* ; Ventilators, Mechanical ; Vocal Cord Paralysis ; Wound Infection

No abstract available.
Biliary Tract*

New Cervicography, a Pap smear adjunct test, is an innovative cervical cancer surveillance system. It is a relatively new technique in which a photograph of the cervix is obtained without the aid of colposcope after application of 5% acetic acid. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of New Cervicography in diagnosis of cervical cancer. Pap smear and cervicogram data were obtained from 143 patients who visited the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chungnam National University Hospital from September 1996 to May 1997. Histologic specimens were obtained from patients in whom abnormalities were detected by either Pap smear or cervicogram. Specimens were taken either by colposcopically directed biopsy or large loop excision af the transformation zone. (continue)
Acetic Acid ; Biopsy ; Cervix Uteri ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Colposcopes ; Diagnosis* ; Female ; Gynecology ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Obstetrics ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*

No abstract available.
Dwarfism*