It is widely accepted that patients with schizophrenia show disturbances in their cognitive function. Recently, due to the increase of the possibilities of therapeutic intervention for cognitive deficits, cognitive rehabilitation is being tried by clinicians in the management of schizophrenia. Our study has considered several questions that have been raised in relation to cognitive rehabilitation. 1) What is cognitive rehabilitation? ; 2) What are its strategies? ; 3) What strategy of cognitive rehabilitation is appropriate to several cognitive deficits? ; 4) What kind of cognitive rehabilitation methods are possible according to the information processing model for schizophrenia? ; 5) What is its clinical considerations? ; 6) On what theoretical basis does the critical view of cognitive rehabilitation have its roots? ; 7) Which direction should it follow? Despite its limitation, there are still great possibilities for the future of cognitive rehabilitation, and we feel that it should be tried for patients with schizophrenia in this country.
Automatic Data Processing ; Humans ; Rehabilitation* ; Schizophrenia*

BACKGROUND: In migraine studies, the cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) using a transcranial Doppler (TCD) has been investigated to elucidate the nature and role of the vascular response. However, past studies have not comprised the posterior circulation including functionally important brainstem structures. The purpose of this study was to compare the simultaneous CVRs between the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and basilar artery (BA) in migraine patients with and without aura, by means of a power motion mode Doppler (PMD) with an anterior-posterior probes fixating device. METHODS: Thirty-six consecutive patients with migranes [15 migraine patients with aura (MA) and 21 migraine patients without aura (MWA)] were compared with 29 healthy volunteers. CVR [(Vmax-Vbase)x100/Vbase] was evaluated by the re-breathing technique. TCD was performed as two steps. First, the velocities and spectra of the MCAs through both temporal windows were simultaneously monitored. Second, those were simultaneously monitored between MCA and BA. RESULT: There were no significant differences in age, sex, baseline hemodynamic values (blood pressure, heart rate), and those of the baseline mean flow velocity and CVR of TCD between the migraine patients and the controls. However, the CVR of the BA significantly differed between the MA and the MWA (39.4+/-13.7 vs 64.6+/-25.4%; p=0.001), among MA, MWA, and controls (39.4+/-13.7, 64.6+/-25.4, 45.6+/-14.9%; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: CVR of BA was entirely different according to migraine subtypes: with or without aura. Our study suggests that MWA and MWOA seem to be distinct disorders in terms of different vascular responses of the BA during the interictal period.
Basilar Artery ; Brain Stem ; Epilepsy* ; Healthy Volunteers ; Heart ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Middle Cerebral Artery ; Migraine Disorders*

Lethal catatonia is a rare and fatal clinical syndrome. It has diverse etiologies, both functional and organic. We experienced a man with left hemiplegia and striking catatonia. Brain imaging showed a large right hemispheric infarction and hypoperfusion. Symptoms and signs of catatonia were markedly improved after treatment of dopa-agonist and benzodiazepine. This case suggests that right hemispheric infarction could be a possible cause of lethal catatonia, and supports earlier clinical literature relating catatonia and the parietal lobe.
Benzodiazepines ; Catatonia* ; Hemiplegia ; Infarction* ; Middle Cerebral Artery* ; Neuroimaging ; Parietal Lobe ; Strikes, Employee

BACKGROUND: Studies using a transcranial Doppler (TCD) to establish cerebral vasoreactivity (CVR) have mostly focused on the anterior circulation. The purpose of this study is not only to evaluate the feasibility of the power motion mode Doppler (PMD) with a probes fixating device, but also to simultaneously measure the CVR between the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and the basilar artery (BA) during hypercapnea simulated by the rebreathing technique. METHODS: Twenty eight healthy volunteers were enrolled. Baseline hemodynamic values (heart rate, blood pressure) were measured while volunteers sat in a comfortable position for 5 minutes. The TCD was performed in two steps. First, velocities and spectra of the MCAs were simultaneously monitored. Then, the velocities and spectra of the MCA and BA were simultaneously monitored by a headset that included an anterior-posterior probes fixating device. The equation for CVR was ([maximum mean velocity baseline mean velocity] x 100/baseline mean velocity). RESULTS: Baseline mean velocities were revealed as follows: (64.0+/-13.7, 65.0+/-11.9 cm/s in right and left MCA; p>0.05; 67.3+/-12.2, -45.3+/-7.6 cm/s in dominant MCA and BA). CVR did not differ between the dominant MCA and the BA (46.1+/-12.1, 46.0+/-15.1%; p>0.05), nor between the right and left MCAs (46.9+/-15.2, 46.4+/-14.8%; p>0.05). There was a positive linear correlation between the CVR of the dominant MCA and that of the BA (r=0.856; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: PMD with a probes fixating device for accurate insonation is a useful tool for evaluating the relative CVR between the MCA and BA. Our study suggests that CVR values of the BA are similar to those of the MCA.
Basilar Artery ; Healthy Volunteers ; Hemodynamics ; Middle Cerebral Artery* ; Volunteers

OBJECTIVES: This research was performed in order to develop the social perception scale which could detect the deficits of the social perception, composed of visual perception and contextual perception, in the patients with schizophrenia and might have the desirable reliability and discriminating power between the patients with schizophrenia and the normal controls, and so as to be appropriate to the schizophrenics' cognitive rehabilitation strategy of Brenner, et al. METHODS: We selected 10 photographs among 30 photographs which could show the variable social situations according to the consensus of the staff members of the Integrated Psychological Therapy. Then we developed the questions, composed of visual perception subscale and contextual perception subscale, which we called preliminary social perception scale. We tested the above scale to the 20 patients with schizophrenia in the chronic mental hospital. Then we tested the above scale to both the 20 patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia in the closed ward of the university psychiatric hospital and the 20 normal controls. We developed the final social perception scale to exclude the items of inadequate reliability. We compared the item difficulties of social perception scale between the patients in the chronic mental hospital and those in the university psychiatric hospital. finally, we compared the scores of social perception scale between the patients with schizophrenia and the normal controls. RESULTS: The final 6 items were selected to become the social perception scale according to the values of the item-total correlation, test-retest reliability, and interrater reliability. The final social perception scale showed similar rank of item difficulties between two groups with schizophrenia. The patient group differed significantly fiom the normal control group on the scores of contextual perception subscale(t=-3.09, p<.01) and the total scores of social perception scale(t= -3.33, p<.01). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the above social perception scale which has excellent internal consistency, test-retest reliability, interrater reliability and the discriminating power. This scale can be applied to both the cognitive rehabilitation strategy in the patients with schizophrenia and the evaluation of the effectiveness of the cognitive rehabilitation.
Consensus ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Hospitals, Psychiatric ; Humans ; Rehabilitation* ; Schizophrenia* ; Social Perception* ; Visual Perception

OBJECTIVE: Clozapine is effective in the treatment of refractory schizophrenic patients, but can cause reversible and fatal food dyscrasias. This study documents the incidence of agranulocytosis and neutropenia and the characteristics of patients with clozapine-inducted agranulocytosis. METHOD: An analysis was made of the hematological, demographic, and other characteristics data from Clozaril Patient Monitoring System(CPMS) data on 2139 patients on clozapine over about 3 years in Korea. RESULTS: During the study period, agranulocytosis developed in 11 patients and 9 (81.8%) patients occurred within 18 weeks. The cumulative incidence of this side effect was 0.57% at 6 months and 0.65% at 1 to 3 years and the crude incidence was 0.51%. Neutropenia occurred in 157 patients and 114(72.6%) ones developed within 18 weeks. The crude incidence of this blood abnormality was 6.9% at 1 year and 7.3% at 3 years. The cumulative incidence was 9.0% at 1 year and 28.7% at 3 years. The hazard rates far agranulocytosis and neutropenia peaked during the 3rd month and 2nd month, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results showed that the incidence of agranulocytosis in Korea may be lower than in USA and UK, at least during the early years of clozapine marketing. Also those suggest that the CPMS in Korea serves as a effective early warning system to promote the safety and benefits of clozapine.
Agranulocytosis* ; Clozapine ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Marketing ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; Neutropenia*

PURPOSE: This prospective, open-label study evaluated the efficacy and safety of adjunctive levetiracetam (LEV) in Korean adults with uncontrolled partial epilepsy. METHODS: A total of 100 patients whose partial seizures were inadequately controlled on their current antiepileptic drugs were enrolled and received LEV (1000-3000 mg/day). Seizure count and adverse events (AEs) were recorded by patients. Global evaluation scale (GES) and quality of life (QOLIE-31) were also evaluated. Additionally effectiveness over 1-year follow-up was investigated. RESULTS: Ninety-two patients completed the short-term 16-week trial. The median percent reduction in weekly seizure frequency over the treatment period was 43.2%. The > or =50% and > or =75% responder rates were 45.4% and 36.1%, respectively. Seizure freedom was observed in 17 patients throughout the initial 16-week treatment period. On investigator's GES, 81 patients were considered improved, with 41 patients showing marked improvement. Most QOLIE-31 scales improved significantly. At the end of the trial, 79 chose to continue follow-up treatment with LEV. At the follow-up visit (ranging 60 to 81 weeks), 64 patients were still taking LEV; during the last 16 weeks, 65.6% of patients had > or =50% reduction, 50.0% had > or =75% reduction, and 35.9% had a 100% reduction. Seven patients showed continuous seizure freedom from the initiation of LEV treatment. During the entire treatment period, LEV was withdrawn in 36 patients; due to lack of efficacy in 22, AEs in six, both in three, other reasons in five. CONCLUSION: Adjunctive LEV therapy in patients with refractory partial epilepsy was effective and well-tolerated, as evidenced by the high seizure freedom and retention rates in both the short-term trial and the long-term follow-up.
Adult ; Anticonvulsants ; Epilepsies, Partial* ; Epilepsy ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Freedom ; Humans ; Prospective Studies ; Quality of Life ; Seizures ; Weights and Measures

OBJECTS: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cognitive differentiation training program-Korean version(a training program of attention and conceptual abilities) on cognitive function, psychopathology and problem solving skills in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: A total of patients diagnosed as schizophrenia using DSM-IV were randomly assigned to 2 groups. The training group went through a total of 22 sessions of cognitive differentiation training (60min/sessionX2sessions/wkX11wks). The attention-placebo control group received psychoeducation program during the same period. Arithmetic, vocabulary, similarities, picture completion of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Korean version, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, and Social Problem Solving Scales were administered to all patients, both before and after the training program. RESULTS: In the arithmetic scores(F=6.35, af=1, p=0.018) of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Korean version, and total scores(F=6.35, af=1, p=0.018) and problem solving skill scale scores (F=4.88, af=1, p=0.036) of social problem solving scale, interaction effects of training was significant. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that cognitive differentiation training program-Korean version is effective on improving auditory attention and problem solving skills in patients with schizophrenia.
Adult ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Education ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Problem Solving ; Psychopathology ; Rehabilitation* ; Schizophrenia ; Social Problems ; Vocabulary ; Weights and Measures

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to find out the psychological changes associated with internet addiction between before and after the military drill among the young male army recruits. METHODS: All 1091 participants were army recruits aged from 19 to 22 years who participated in the 5-week military drill. They were assessed with some self-reported questionnaires [Sociodemographic questionnaires, Young's Internet Addiction Scale (IAS), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Rated Scale (ASRS)]. They were divided into two groups, One is the internet addiction tendency group and the other is non-addiction group according to the IAS score. And the severity of the internet addiction tendency, depression, anxiety and impulsiveness were evaluated by the IAS, the STAI, the BDI, the BIS, the ASRS before and after military drill. RESULTS: The result of the paired t-test shows that the IAS, the STAI, the BDI, the BIS, the ASRS scores decreased after military drill in both non-addiction group and internet addiction tendency group. The result of the repeated measures ANOVA shows that there is an interaction effect between the changes of ASRS-hyperactivity (F = 23.437, p < 0.001), ASRS-impulsiveness (F = 4.896, p = 0.027), BIS-total (F = 4.057, p = 0.044), BIS-motor impulsiveness (F = 13.609, p < 0.001) scores and groups. The result of the generalized estimating equation shows that internet addiction tendency is associated with ASRS-inattention (beta = 0.075, p < 0.001), ASRS-hyperactivity (beta = 0.092, p = 0.002), STAI-trait anxiety (beta = 0.046, p < 0.001), BIS-motor impulsiveness (beta = 0.119, p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: The results show that psychopathologies such as internet addiction tendency, depression, anxiety, impulsiveness may improve after military drill regardless of the groups. Internet addiction tendency may be related to the ASRS-inattention, ASRS-hyperactivity, STAI-trait anxiety, motor-impulsiveness. So these findings may be considered in the treatment of internet addiction in terms of the impulsiveness control.
Anxiety ; Depression ; Humans ; Internet* ; Male* ; Military Personnel

PURPOSE: There is ongoing demand to deliver better procedural training to medical students in the emergency department. Thus, we studied the efficacy of a cadaver-based training model for teaching simple suture techniques to medical students. METHODS: We investigated ten fourth-year medical students, who were rounding and being trained in the Emergency Department of Chungnam National University Hospital. They were educated with slides about a simple suture technique for 30 minutes to evaluate the efficacy of the cadaver-based training model. We prospectively measured their skill by administering a test on the cadaver-based simple suture technique in 3cm sized linar wound separately to each of them. RESULTS: A total of ten fourth-year medical students completed the investigation. The tension, the direction of suture, the degree of cleanness, the number of sutures, the adequacy of the cutting thread length, and the suturing time in the first attempt were compared with those in the second one. The second results were compared with those in the third one, and the third results were compared with those in the fourth one. All the results had statistical significance. CONCLUSION: These findings support the value of the cadaver-based simple suture technique training model as a medical student teaching model. The cadaver-based simple suture technique teaching model is a good way of teaching several medical skills to medical students.
Cadaver ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Humans ; Prospective Studies ; Students, Medical* ; Suture Techniques* ; Sutures* ; Wounds and Injuries