From a retrospective study of 366 cases of breast cancer, following results are obtained. 1) Relative incidence of breast cancer is increased during recent 7 years as compared with total female cancer. 2) Invasive ductal carcinoma and invasive ductal carcinoma with a predominant intraductal component (ICPI) account for 78% of total breast cancer, and its ratio shows little variance during recent 7 years and as compared with previous studies. 3) The incidence of invasive lobular carcinoma is increased as compared with 10 years ago, but it seems more likely that the increase is due to difference in diagnostic criteria rather than due to real increase in incidence. 4) The average patients' age of five major histologic types of breast cancer is 47.3 year. The patient's age of invasive ductal carcinoma is highest and that of ICPI is lowest. 5) Outer upper quadrant is the most frequent site of breast cancer. Left side is slightly more frequent than right side. There is little variance among the histologic types in tumor location. 6) The average symptom duration of patients of major types of breast cancer is 8.4 month. It is longest in invasive ductal carcinoma and shortest in ICPI. 7) Invasive lobular carcinoma is largest in tumor size and intraductal carcinoma is smallest, among the major histological types. 8) Intraductal carcinoma is most freqnently accompanied by nipple discharge and Paget's disease. 9) The rate of axillary lymph node metastasis is highest in invasive lobular carcinoma, followed by invasive ductal carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, and ICPI, in order of freqnency. 10) Distant metastasis is to the bone, lung, liver and brain, in order of freqnency. Medullary carcinoma shows the highest rate of distant metastasis. 11) The important prognostic factors of breast cancer are histologic types, status of axillary lymph node metastasis, size of tumor and histologic grade of malignancy. But there is little difference in prognosis between invasive ductal carcinoma and medullary carcinoma.
Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Breast Neoplasms

In Korea chronic liver diseases are the important medical issues because of their high incidence, poor prognosis and no available therapeutic resume. It is believed that the etiologic agent of most of chronic liver diseases in Korea is hepatitis B virus. To find out the incidence of positivity and to understand the autoantibodies in some of the chronic liver diseases in Korea, anti-smooth muscle antibody and anti-nuclear antibody tests were performed on 43 patient serum with chronic active hepatitis, 13 patient serum with chronic persistant hepatitis and 20 patient serum with liver cirrhosis, who diagnosed by liver biopsies. The results of the study are summarized as follows: 1) The positivity of anti-smooth muscle antibody in chronic active hepatitis was 93.0%, that in chronic persistant hepatitis 60.0% and that in liver cirrhosis 80.0%. 2) The positivity of anti-nuclear antibody in chronic active hepatitis was 18.6%, that in chronic persistant hepatitis 15.4%, that in liver cirrhosis 5.0%. 3) The test efficiency of anti-smooth muscle antibody to differentiate chronic active hepatitis from chronic persistant hepatitis and liver cirrhosis was 48.7%. The above results suggest that the antismooth muscle antibody may be related to the "necrosis of liver cells", and further studies are needed to fine out any relationship between the autoantibody and the disturbance of immune regulatory function if there is, as this study suggested.
Incidence

No abstract available.
Cardioplegic Solutions* ; Glucose* ; Mannitol* ; Myocardium*

No abstract available.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Biopsy, Fine-Needle*

This study was carried out to understand the relationship between specific chromosome changes and their phenotypic consequences at the tissue level of human lung cancers. Then paraffin-embedded human lung squamous cell carcinoma samples were investigated for in evidence of genetic alterations, using chromosome 7 and 17-specific repetitive alpha-satellite DNA probes. In situ hybridization procedure with chromosome-specific DNA probes was optimized for use on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded lung tissue sections. The chromosome index ranged from 1.10 to 1.88(median, 1.49) for chromosome 7 and 1.20 to 1.98(median, 1.69) for chromosome 17. Normal lymphocytes and stromal cells showed one or two chromosome signals per cell in most cases. All tumors showed three or more chromosome signals per cell with range of 16.0% to 80.6% of cancer cells(median, 50.9%) for chromosome 7 and 32.7% to 84.7%(median, 69.9%) for chromosome 17. The chromosome index did not correlate with the DNA content in most cases. Chromosomes 7 and 17 were either overrepresented or underrepresented when they were compared with corresponding DNA index determined by FCM. An increase in copy number, particularly of chromosome 7 was associated with a less favorable phenotype, including high nuclear grade. In addition, chromosome alterations were differentially expressed in the different areas of the same tissue section, correlating with histologic heterogeneity. These results suggest that chromosome polysomy can be reliably detected in tissue sections using in situ hybridization. There is a strong correlation between genotypic abnormalities and tumor phenotype in human lung cancer. This capability will prove to be an important tool for determining the underlying genetic basis for tumor development, tissue phenotype heterogeneity and progression by allowing genetic determination to be made on paraffin-embedded tissue sections where tumor histologic architecture is preserved.
Humans ; Lung Neoplasms

With advance of diagnostic imaging technics, the detection rate of small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has become much increased, but the questions whether the growth pattern and histologic nature of the HCC keep maintain the original gross and microscopic features with its advancement of tumor size remain still unclear. We reviewed 39 surgically resected hepatocellular carcinomas(HCCs) with a tumor size less than or equal to 3 cm in diameter(s-HCC), and their gross and microscopic features were compared with the HCCs bigger than 3 cm (i-HCC, 199 cases). Single nodular type(SN) was the most common gross type(60%) in s-HCCs, and was followed by single nodular type with perinodular extension(SNPE; 15.4%), multinodular-discrete type(10.3%) and multinodular-confluent type(5.1%). These figures contrasted to SNPE(42.2%) and SN(20.6%) in the i-HCCs. Of the 39 s-HCCs, 25 cases(64.1%) were encapsulated, and 14 cases(36%) demonstrated intratumoral fibrous septations, being contrasted to the i-HCCs in which fibrous septa formation was mord prominent but complete capsule formation was found only in 40.2% of the larger ones. Microscopically, the trabecular type was the most frequent one(53.9%), and increased with their size while the compact type transformed into trabecular one. Thirty three cases(84.6%) were associated with macronodular cirrhosis. Seropositivity for HBsAg was found in 26 cases(66.6%), and high serum alpha-fetoprotein level over 500 IU/L was found in 15 s-HCC cases(38.4%), while 53.3% in i-HCC. The above results suggest that HCCs change their pathologic features by increase of their size, and a comparison of the details with regard to the possible mechanisms involved is discussed.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular

No abstract available.
Animals ; Heterografts* ; Humans* ; Interferon-alpha* ; Melanoma* ; Mice ; Mice, Nude*

Fifty three surgically resected gallbladders(49 cases of chronic cholecystitis with or without cholelithiasis, 4 cases of incidentally resected gallbladders) and 14 autopsy cases were subjected to the histotopographic analysis to identify the nature and distribution of metaplastic mucosal changes, and to determine the possible histogenesis of these mucosal lesions and diagnostic implication as a parameter of chronic cholecystitis. 1) Antral type glands were demonstrated in 47(88.7%), goblet cells in 19(35.8%) and surface epithelial changes in 27(50.9%) of total surgical specimens, indicating the benign metaplastic changes of the gallbladder mucosa toward the gastric or intestinal type. 2) Topographic distribution illustrated the extension of antral type gland to the middle and upper one third portions of the gallbladder mucosa in 37 cases, each. Goblet cells in the middle and upper one third of the mucosa were demonstrable in 13 cases(68%) an 8 cases(42%), respectively. 3) Average age by degree of extension was 50.0 years in Grade O-I, 50.1 years in Grade II and 56.4 years in Grade III. 4) Among 53 surgically resected gallbladders, gallstone was found in 31 cases, in which was a significant correlation between the distribution of metaplastic changes by degree of extent and cholelithiasis. 5) There was no statistical significance between incidence of metaplastic changes of the gallbladder and degree of inflammatory reaction by means of chronic and/or acute inflammatory cell infiltration and Rokitansky-Aschoff sinus formation. 6) Only two out of fourteen autopsy cases demonstrated focal and spotty presence of goblect cells. It is of authors assumption that the lining epithelium of the gallbladder undergos various types of metaplastic changes in the diseased conditions, in which cholelithiasis is included as one of preceding factor. And also, the diagnostic implication of epithelial metaplasia as an expression of chronic cholecystitis is discussed.
Incidence

Retrospective clinicopathologic analysis of 15 patients with the phyllodes tumors(PT) of the breast, diagnosed at SNUH over 6 years period, was done. By light microscopy, 8 cases were diagnosed as benign, and 7 cases were diagnosed as malignant. Mean ages o the patients were 37 and 34 years in malignant and benign, respectively. Most of those cases were presented with a palpable mass of the breast. None of the patients with malignant PT had distant metastasis, Local recurrences were experienced in 3 patients among the malignant PT, and one patient among the benign PT. One of 7 malignant PT was coexisted with simultaneous ipsilateral infiltrating duct carcinoma. The clinical course was not well correlated with pathologic features. The prognostic significances of several histopathologic parameters were assessed for possible correlation with local recurrence, metastasis and death; stromal cellularity, stromal cellular atypism, mitotic activity, tumor contour, necrosis, tumor size and heterologous stromal elements. Immunohistochemistry using antibody to vimentin, proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) and epidermal growth factor receptor(EGF-R) were analysed. In the 5 cases of benign PT, the stromal cells stained diffusely positive for vimentin and 3 cases of malignant tumors show similar staining for vimentin. The percentage of PCNA-positive cells were higher in the malignant PT than in the benign ones; they were 3.5% to 60% in malignancy, while they were less than 60% in all benign PT. The results of EGF-R staining were correlated with the histologic classification; only 2 cases out of 8 benign PT show diffusely positive staining of EGF-R in the cytoplasm, but 6 cases out of 7 malignant PT show positive findings.
Neoplasm Metastasis

No abstract available.
Fingers* ; Joints* ; Lateral Ligament, Ankle*