PURPOSE: Defecography is a technique of examining the rectum and anal canal by using fluoroscopy during defecation. This study was done to determine the range of normal findings of defecography in young asymptomatic Korean volunteers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-nine asymptomatic young volunteers underwent defecography. Anorectal angle, perineal descent, length and width of anal, rectocele, rectal intussusception and incontience were evaluated. RESULTS: The range of anorectal angle was 82 degrees-149 degrees in resting state, compared to the 63 degrees -116 degrees in squeezing state, and 95 degrees -116 degrees in straining state respectively. The pelvic floor in straining state descended on average of 1.62cm from the inferior margin of ischial tuberosity that its broad range of position from --5.2cm to 0.8 cm implies a wide variation of anorectal angle and periheal descent. Mild degree of rectocele with less than 2cm of depth was found in 12 out of 29 cases. Rectal intussusception was noted in six and rectal incontinence was seen in one case. Formation of rectocele and intussusception during defecation was common in asymptomatic young volunteers. CONCLUSION: The wide range of defecographic measurements warrants the necessity of other complementary studies on anorectal function to improve the diagnostic accuracy. The interpretation of defecographic measurement should therefore be made with caution and should not be used as the sole criteria for seliction of treatment modality.
Anal Canal ; Defecation ; Defecography ; Fluoroscopy ; Intussusception ; Pelvic Floor ; Rectocele ; Rectum ; Volunteers*

A 46 year old man with unilateral Purtscher's retinopathy is described. On ophthalmic examination he had macular edema and multiple exudates and hemorrhages at the posterior pole of the left eye. Fluorescein angiography demonstrated impaired arteriolar flow, capillary non-per fusion, venous staining, and macular edema. The pathogenesis of Purtscher's retinopathy is unknown. Arterial and venous pressure elevation leading to vascular damage in the nerve fiber layer seems to be the most plausible explanation.
Capillaries ; Exudates and Transudates ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Macular Edema ; Middle Aged ; Nerve Fibers ; Venous Pressure

No abstract available.
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma*

No abstract available.
Pancreatic Pseudocyst*

Residual biliary stone can be effectively treated by nonoperative procedure using steerable catheter andbasket in the recent year. We analysed the 27 cases of residual biliary stone, which were refered to radiologydepartement of Yonsei University during last 2 years, from June 1982 to June 1984. The results as follows; 1. Thelocation of residual stones are extrahepatic in 14 cases (51.9%), intrahepatic in 5 cases(18.5%) and both intraand extrahepatic duct in 8 cases(29.6%). 2. In 13 of 27 cases(48.1%) were required multiple sessions. 3.Fragmentation of stone was done in 16(59.3%) in 27 cases. 4. Success rate in extrahepatic duct is 13 in 14casese(92.6%), intrahepatic duct 3 cases in 5(60%), and both intra and extrahepatic duct 7 in 8 cases(87.5%).Overal success rate in 27 cases is 85.2%
Catheters

Squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva is a rare disease and usually arises at the limbus and spreads to the cornea, adjacent bulbar conjunctiva and sclera. We experienced two cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the cornea and bulbar conjunctiva. One patient was a 36-year old male with progressive loss of visual acuity and discomfort in the nasal side of the left eyeball for about 7 months. The other patient was a 67-year old male with excessive tearing, recurrent conjunctival injection and elevated mass on inferonasal side of the limbus of the left eye. Excisional biopsy was carried out and histopathologic examination revealed bulbar squamous cell carcinoma in both patients.
Adult ; Aged ; Biopsy ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell* ; Conjunctiva* ; Cornea ; Humans ; Male ; Rare Diseases ; Sclera ; Visual Acuity

Diabetic macular edema is the most frequent cause of visual loss among patients with background diabetic retinopathy. We reviewed 62 cases(39 patients) of diffuse diabetic macular edema which were treated by grid-pattern photocoagulation treatment and followed up for more than 3 months from March 1989 to July 1990. The results were as follows. 1. There was improvement of visual acuity in 13 eyes(21.0%), no changes in 33 eyes(53.2%), and 16 eyes(25.8%) showed worsened visual acuity. 2. There was improvement in the degree of macular edema in 28 eyes(45.7%), no change in 15 eyes(24.2%), and 19 eyes(30.6%) showed a worsened degree of macular edema. 3. Clinical findings having poorer visual prognoses were the presence of foveal exudate, hypertension, preoperative vision worse than 20/100, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Diabetic Retinopathy ; Exudates and Transudates ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Light Coagulation* ; Macular Edema* ; Prognosis ; Visual Acuity

Intraocular lens power was calculated from data of axial length, corneal curvature, and anterior chamber depth in 112 eyes which underwent IOL implant surgery. Postoperative refractions of 112 eyes were analyzed into three groups such as the group of which constant A is 116.2, the group of which constant A is 116.8, and TI-59 system group. The results were as follows; 1. The A constant derived from retrograde analysis in our 112 cases was 116.2. In the cases of the constant A 116.2, error of predicted required spectacle lens power was -0.16D +/- 0.89 in relative average, 0.67D +/- 0.57 in absolute average. Using the standard formula described by Hoffer, the accuracy of IOL power calculation by the constant 116.2 was 76.1% +/- 1.0D / 97.4% +/- 2.0D / +2.42 to -2.11D. 2. The specific constant A of intraocular lenses inserted in our hospital was 116.8. In the cases of the constant A 116.8, error of predicted required spectacle lens power was -0.39D +/- 0.88 in relative average, 0.75D +/- 0.60 in absolute average. Using the standard formula described by Hoffer, the accuracy of IOL power calculated by the constant A 116.8 was 72% +/- 1.0D / 96% +/- 2.0D / +2.34 to -2,50D. 3. In TI-59 system of IOL power calculation, error of predicted required spectacle lens power was -0.12D +/- 1.0D in relative average and 0.75D +/- 0.66 in absolute average. Using the staudard formula described by Hoffer, the accuracy of IOL power calculation in this method was 73% +/- 1.0D / 91.5% +/- 2.0D / +2.77 to -2.31D. 4. There was a significant difference between the error of the A constant 116.2 and that of 116.8(P. 0.05), but wasn't between the error of the A constant 116.2 and that of TI-59 system. 5. In the case of axial length 21mm +/- 0.5, the IOL power calculation by the A constant 116.2 was the most accurate among three groups.
Anterior Chamber ; Lenses, Intraocular*

A statistical study on visually handicapped children was performed by The Committee on Health of Korean Pediatric Association from July to October, 1978. 3,930 boys and girls in middle school children(3rd grade; around 15 years of age) were studied and the results were obtained as follows; 1, 788 out of 3,930 children(20.1%) were visually handicapped. There were no sex preponderance. 2. Annual incidence of visual handicap was 2.2% of all children studied. 3. There were no specific age preferance for handicapping and annual incidence of visual retardations among the handicapped children was 13.7%(10~19%). 4. Children wearing corrective glasses were 62.8% of all handicapped children and 69.8% of them were began to wear the glasses after entrance of middle school. 5. Nearly all of the handicapped children were suffered from symptoms related with visual defect and the most common difficulty was learning problems(67.5%). Headache(6.7%) and dizziness(5.5%) were another difficulties. 6. 92.5% of children wearing glasses were improved their symptoms related with poor visions but 79.8% of children wearing glasses were suffered form discomfortness by glasses itself. 7. The reasons wearing no glasses among the visual handicaps were advices by parents and friends due to bad effects of glasses on beauty(321.%), hesitation(30.7%) and shyness(13.3%). 8. High famillial incidence of visual handicaps were noted in visually handicapped children than with normal vision. 9. There were no difference between the children with defective vision and normal children on number of television sets at home, places of telvision set ups(children's room or parent?sroom), hours watching televison per day, presence or absence of children's study rooms and reading postures. 10. Habits of watching television or reading books from too short distance, improper illumination when they read the books at home were much more freqently observed in children with visual handicap than children with no defect.
Child ; Disabled Children* ; Disabled Persons* ; Eyeglasses ; Female ; Friends ; Glass ; Humans ; Incidence ; Learning ; Lighting ; Parents ; Posture ; Statistics as Topic* ; Television

In spite of high-dose, hyperventilation, hyperosmolar agents, appropriate surgical evacuation, and cerebrospinal fluid when possible, uncontrolled intracranial hypertension, which was defined as occurring when intracranial pressure(ICP) exceeded 25 mmHg for 2 hours or more, occurred in 8 patients. Persistent elevated ICP occurred in 4 patient with acute subdural hematoma and brain contusion, in 2 patients with aneurysm and brain infarction, in 1 patient with hypertensive intracerebral hematoma, and in 1 patient with meningioma. All of these patients received intravenous barbiturate to control the ICP. The initial thiopental loading dose(10mg/kg) effectively reduced the ICP in 5 patients(62.5%). In those patients responding to the initial loading dose, four have survived, and one died due to pulmonary complication. None of three nonresponders to barbiturate survived. Two of the survivors have returned to a productive life, and two ramain moderately disabled. The favorable outcome in this series suggests that early aggresive treatment of intracranial hypertension with barbiturate and careful attention to medical complications can improve the outcome in patients with uncontrolled intracranial hypertension, with barbiturate and careful attention to medical complications can improve the outcome in patients with uncontrolled intracranial hypertension, especially in postoperative state. A broader investigation of the clinical application of barbiturates in indicated.
Aneurysm ; Barbiturates ; Brain Infarction ; Brain Injuries ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Coma* ; Hematoma ; Hematoma, Subdural, Acute ; Humans ; Hyperventilation ; Intracranial Hypertension* ; Meningioma ; Survivors ; Thiopental