Since Chaussy, Schmiedt et al. began using ESWL on the renal calculi in 1980, the treatment of stone disease has been revolutionized. Now, an experimental study for the systematic investigation of ESWL is needed. This report presents an experimental study in vitro utilizing piezoelectric ESWL(EDAP LT-01 and "Die Stone" for the purposes of the effects of varying frequencies, stone burdens and powers. The following results were obtained : 1. In the same sized stones with constant power of 100%, the effects of increasing frequency from 2.5 to 40 times/sec showed that mean storage was increased despite of decreases duration for complete fragmentation of the stone less than 3mm in diameter, therefore the more lowering frequency, the more increasing effectiveness of the stone fragmentation. 2. When the stone burden was increased from 1cm(3) to 2cm(3) with constant power of 100% storage and duration for complete fragmentation of the stone were markedly increased about 8.10 and 8.06 times respectively. 3. In 1cm3 of the stone burden with constant frequency of 10 times/sec, when power was increased, mean storage and duration were decreased for complete fragmentation of the stone. 4. Fragmentation of the stone with lower frequency was fractured into small pieces relatively, but with higher frequency, fractured into large pieces initially, thereafter fractured into small pieces. 5. More gas bubbles were produced on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the stone with higher frequency than lower frequency.
Kidney Calculi ; Shock* ; Urinary Calculi

"It was reported that polymorphism of TNF alpha gene was present in promoter region and involves the substitution of guanine by adenosine in the uncommon (TNFA 2) allele. In this study, we investigated the significance of TNFA gene polymorphism in relation to various clinical characteristics and autoantibody profiles in SLE as well as comparing it with that of other countries, and also studied its association with peripheral TNF-a production in vitro. TNFA genotyping was performed in 126 SLE patients and 300 controls using DNA extracted from peripheral leucocytes. The biallelic polymorphism at position -308 of the TNFA promotor was determined by Ncol- RFLP. Peripheral mononuclear cell production of TNF-a was investigated by bioassay using L-929 cell cytotoxicity. The TNFA ""1 homozygote was a predominant allele (77.0%) in SLE, which was not different from the controls. TNFA ""2 homozygate was extremely rare in both patients and controls (0.8%, 1.3% respectively). The clinical manifestations between TNFA '1 and TNFA""2 did not differ. The production of autoantibodies including dsDNA, anti-La, anti-nRNP and anti-Sm was not different between two alleles, whereas anti- Ro antibody was more frequent in TNFA""1/TNFA '1 than in TNFA'1/TNFA'2 (62.1% vs 38.4%, P=0.022). The polymorphism of TNFA gene did not influence the lipopolysaccharide stimulated peripheral mononuclear cell production of TNF-a (1356+/-293 vs 1119+/-385 pg/ml; TNFA'1/TNFA'1, TNFA'1/TNFA'2 respectively). These results suggested that promoter polymorphism of TNFA was not directly involved in the susceptibility of SLE and was not responsible for differential peripheral TNF-a production, but TNFA ' may be associated with anti-Ro antibody production."
Adenosine ; Alleles ; Autoantibodies ; Biological Assay ; DNA ; Guanine ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic* ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha*

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Urinary Tract Infections* ; Urinary Tract*

No abstract available.
Lung Neoplasms* ; Lung*

No abstract available.
Hamartoma*

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Urinary Tract Infections* ; Urinary Tract*

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Urinary Tract Infections* ; Urinary Tract*

No abstract available.
Bronchial Arteries* ; Hemoptysis*

No abstract available.
Bronchiectasis* ; Bronchography*

No abstract available.
Thoracoplasty*