The aqueous bumor makes an important role to maintain intraocular pressure. The production and outflow of aqueous humor controls the intraocular pressure. The accurate understanding of the pathway of aqueous outflow and the rate of outflow is essential to the study of glaucoma. The purpose of this study is to investigate the pathway of aqueous outflow after injection of dye into the anterior chamber, the duration of staining and the degree of delay of aqueous outflow after the use of viscoelastics. Three dyes. Gentian Violet, Methylene Blue and Viscoelastics mixed with Gentian Violer were injected into the anterior chambers of 20 eyes of 10 rabbits. The eyes were enucleated at 1 hour, 2 hour, 3 hour, 4 hour after injection of Gentian Violer and Methylene Blue. After injiection of viscoelastics mixed with Gentian violet, the eyes were enucleated at 2 hour, 4 hour, 6 hour, 8 hour, and 9 hour. The enucleated eyes were performed for frozen section and the fragments were observed by light microscopee. Gentian violet and Merhylene Blue were stained in the pathway of the pectinate ligaments, trabecular meshwork, intrascleral plexus and the pathway of the capillary network of iris and suprachoroidal space. The disappearance of injected dye was ended between 3 hour and 4 hour. And the viscoelastics mixed with dye was removed between 8 hour and 9 hour. This means that viscoelastics make the outflow of aqueous delay.
Anterior Chamber* ; Aqueous Humor* ; Capillaries ; Coloring Agents ; Frozen Sections ; Gentian Violet ; Gentiana ; Glaucoma ; Intraocular Pressure ; Iris ; Ligaments ; Methylene Blue ; Rabbits ; Trabecular Meshwork

No abstract available.
Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis

PURPOSE: To investigate the difference in healing of the corneal epithelial cells between in LASEK and in PRK and the factor to induce the difference. METHODS: The rate of corneal epithelial recovery was measured after mechanical removal of corneal epithelium (PRK) or after removal with alcohol (LASEK) in rabbits. PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) staining was performed to compare the degree of cellular proliferation. Immunocytochemical staining was also carried out to examine the expressions of fibronectin and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), which were known as the factors participating in corneal epithelial regeneration. In cultured porcine corneal epithelial cells, the degree of epithelial proliferation was compared between the control group (group I without alcohol treatment) and alcohol treated groups with various alcohol concentrations (groups II, III, IV and V) after cell culture for 2 weeks. RESULTS: The rate of epithelial healing was faster in LASEK group than in PRK group. These epithelial cells recovered to normal cells faster in LASEK group than in PRK group according to light and electron microscopic findings. PCNA expression and fibronectin expression were higher in LASEK group than in PRK group, whereas no difference was seen in the expression of EGFR. Although the proliferation of corneal epithelial cells increased, it was not proportional to the amount of added alcohol-treated epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: We showed that the corneal epithelia recovered to normal shape faster in LASEK than in PRK group when alcohol treated corneal epithelial cells were treated to the site of the wound. Higher expression of fibronectin in LASEK group suggest that fibronectin could be a factor promoting corneal epithelial cell regeneration.
Cell Culture Techniques ; Cell Proliferation ; Epithelial Cells* ; Epithelium, Corneal ; Fibronectins ; Keratectomy, Subepithelial, Laser-Assisted* ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen ; Rabbits* ; Regeneration ; Wounds and Injuries

Menetrier's disease is a rare disease characterized by the presence of large rugal folds involving part or all of the stomach. Patients with hypertrophic gastropathy often have distressing abdominal symptoms, weight loss and edema due to gastric protein loss. The 48-year-old male patient was admitted to the Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital with cheif complaints of indigestion and epigastric pain. The diagnosis of Menetriers disease is established by radiologic, endoscopic, and pathologic examination. He was treated with soft diet, antacid, H2- receptor antagonist, and IV albumin. We report a case of Menetriers disease with brief review of literatures.
Diagnosis ; Diet ; Dyspepsia ; Edema ; Gastritis, Hypertrophic* ; Heart ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Rare Diseases ; Stomach ; Weight Loss

Recently the use of hydrochloric acid as a toilet disinfectant has become more common, and the risk of its ingestion is though to be increasing. We experienced a case of 67 year-old man who accidentally ingested hydrochloric acid and as a result developed a postprandial epigastric fullness end pain 3 weeks thereafter, The patient underwent an UGI series, fiberoptic gastroscope and abdominal ultrasonography and was found to have a gastric midbody stricture. A total gastreetomy and Roux-en- Y esophagojejunostomy was performed. We report this case with brief review of the literature.
Aged ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Eating ; Gastritis* ; Gastroscopes ; Humans ; Hydrochloric Acid* ; Ultrasonography

No abstract available.
Pregnancy*

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze the influence on voiding symptoms when performing sling operation on patients with stress urinary incontinence with detrusor underactivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed medical records of 100 patients who received the sling operation. Based on their preoperative urodynamic study, we defined "stress urinary incontinence with detrusor underactivity (SUI with DU)" group as these findings; peak flow less than 11 ml/s or void with abdominal pressure instead of detrusor contraction or residual urine volume more than 100 ml. And the others were defined as the "stress urinary incontinence only (SUI)"group. We compared two groups and analyzed the changes of pre- and postoperative uroflowmetry. RESULTS: The number of patients with the "SUI with DU" group was 30 and that with the "SUI" group was 70. In the "SUI with DU" group, there were no changes in peak flow rate and residual urine volume between postoperative uroflowmetry and preoperative urodynamic study (15.1 +/- 7.9 vs. 14.7 +/- 7.1 ml/s, 123.1 +/- 79.2 vs. 127.3 +/- 91.9 ml) (p>0.05). Twenty four patients underwent urinary drainage with nelatone catheter either on postoperative first or second day. However, 22 patients did not need to continue self catheterization. CONCLUSION: Sling operation could be performed on patients who are diagnosed as stress urinary incontinence with detrusor underactivity without aggravating their voiding symptoms.
Catheterization ; Catheters ; Drainage ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Urinary Incontinence* ; Urination Disorders ; Urodynamics

The combination of pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV), the current therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, has saved the lives of many HCV-infected patients. Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) target several sites of HCV nonstructural proteins, resulting in the cessation of viral replication. The first NS3/4A protease inhibitors consisted of boceprevir and telaprevir, which have shown superior efficacy against genotype 1 HCV infection when combined with PEG-IFN/RBV compared with the standard therapy in both treatment-naive and -experienced patients. Simeprevir, faldaprevir, and asunaprevir are second-wave, first-generation NS3/4A inhibitors that have already been or will soon be approved. Second-generation protease inhibitors are in clinical trials. Daclatasvir is the first approved DAA belonging to the class of NS5A replication complex inhibitors. The potency of daclatasvir is very high, and this drug is an important and essential component of combination regimens for all genotypes. Sofosbuvir, the first approved NS5B polymerase inhibitor, is characterized by high potency and genetic barriers to resistance. Sofosbuvir combined with RBV achieved an interferon-free regimen in genotype 2 or 3 patients with a reduced treatment duration. It can also be used in combination with PEG-IFN/RBV in genotype 1 patients for 12 weeks. DAAs have provided new hope for curing HCV infections with a short treatment duration and acceptable adverse events.
Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Hepacivirus/drug effects/genetics ; Hepatitis C/*drug therapy ; Humans ; Protease Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors ; Virus Replication/drug effects

Pseudomyxoma peritonei is a rare disorder chracterized by abdominal distension resulting from the accumulation of a mucinous, gelatinous, translucent material which arises from rupture of pre-existing mucinous cystadenomas and cystadenocarcinomas of the ovary and mucocele of the appendix. We report 11 cases of pseudomyxoma peritonei which were diagnosed by surgical and pathological findings. The results were as follows. 1) The mean age of 11 cases was 51 years and 5 cases were male and 6 cases were female and male to female ratio was 1 to 1.2. 2) Clinical manifestations in 11 cases were abdominal distension in 5 cases (45.5%), palpable mass in 4 cases(36.6%), abdominal pain in 4 cases(36.6%), nausea in 3 cases(27.3%), weight loss in 3 cases(27.3%), diarrhea in 2 cases(18.2%), constipation in 1 case(9.0%), anal bleeding in 1 case(9.0%) and defecation difficulty in 1 case(9.0%). The duration of symptoms was 2 days to 1 year. 3) The primary sites of pseudomyxoma peritonei were ovarian cancer in 3 cases(27.2%), appendiceal cancer in 2 cases(18.2%), gastric cancer in 2 cases(18.2%), rectal cancer in 1 case(9.1%), cecal cancer in 1 case(9.1%) and unknown origin in 2 cases(18.2%). 4) Following surgical interventions were performed; right hemicolectomy in 2 cases, palliative gastrojejunostomy in 2 cases, oophorectomy in 1 case, omentectomy in 1 case and right hemicolectomy with gastrojejunostomy in 1 case. 5) The adjunctive anti-cancer chemotherapy was done in 4 cases(36.4%) by combination of actinomycin D, adriamycin, CCNU, cisplatin, cytoxan and fluorouracil, And chemotherapy only was done in 2 cases and hyperthermia was done in 1 case.
Abdominal Pain ; Appendiceal Neoplasms ; Appendix ; Cecal Neoplasms ; Cisplatin ; Constipation ; Cyclophosphamide ; Cystadenocarcinoma ; Cystadenoma, Mucinous ; Dactinomycin ; Defecation ; Diarrhea ; Doxorubicin ; Drug Therapy ; Female ; Fever ; Fluorouracil ; Gastric Bypass ; Gelatin ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Lomustine ; Male ; Mucins ; Mucocele ; Nausea ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; Ovariectomy ; Ovary ; Pseudomyxoma Peritonei* ; Rectal Neoplasms ; Rupture ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Weight Loss

Protein accounts for over one third of the human lens, the remaining two thirds being water. The other constotuents of the lens including lipids, amino acids, electrolytes and a variety of peptides and carbohydrates, account for about 1% of the lens wet weight. Since transparency of the lens is so highly dependent on protein order and structural integrity, it is not surprising that relatively small changes in any of these parameters might lead to the development of opacification resulting in a cataract.We have analyzed electrolytic differences between normal lens and lens of experimentally induced cataract to find the important factor in including cataract after we had extracted one hundred eight pig lenses. We divided these experimentally induced cataract into a group of normal lens capsule and another group of lenses which we performed with a 26 gauge needle. The sodium level was decreased in 15% mannitol solution and increased in normal saline. In every solution the potassium level was decreased. The chloride level was decreased in the 15% mannitol solution and increased in the normal saline solution. The calcium level also was decreased in mannitol and distilled water.Our results indicate that the potassium level of the experimentally induced cataracts decreased in any conditions and may be an important factor in inducing cataract.
Amino Acids ; Calcium ; Carbohydrates ; Cataract* ; Electrolytes ; Humans ; Mannitol ; Needles ; Peptides ; Potassium ; Sodium ; Sodium Chloride ; Water