No abstract available.
Forearm* ; Lower Extremity*

We Performed an epidemiologic survey for strabismus among primary school-children in order to investigate the number of strabismus from March 1995 to February 1996. Cover-uncover test and prism cover test were used. The results were as follows:1. Out of 9054 1st grade primary school-children examined, 322(3.56%) were found as strabismus. 2. 322 cases of strabismus include 262(81.4%)exodeviation and 60(18.6%) esodeviation. 3. Alternating type and monocular type strabismus have no difference both in exotropia and esotrapia. 4. In exotropia and esotropia, no sexual predilection was found. 5. Most portion of deviation angle distribute between 11 to 20 prism diopter. 6. The difference of number of strabismus between big cities and small cities was statistically insignificant(p>0.05).
Epidemiology ; Esotropia ; Exotropia ; Korea* ; Strabismus*

A 46 year old man with unilateral Purtscher's retinopathy is described. On ophthalmic examination he had macular edema and multiple exudates and hemorrhages at the posterior pole of the left eye. Fluorescein angiography demonstrated impaired arteriolar flow, capillary non-per fusion, venous staining, and macular edema. The pathogenesis of Purtscher's retinopathy is unknown. Arterial and venous pressure elevation leading to vascular damage in the nerve fiber layer seems to be the most plausible explanation.
Capillaries ; Exudates and Transudates ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Macular Edema ; Middle Aged ; Nerve Fibers ; Venous Pressure

We analyzed the change of the amount of postoperative deviation between pediatric group (younger than 18 years) and adult. group (older than 18 years) with intermittent exotropia. All of the 141 patients were treated by bilateral recession of lateral rectus muscle. Among 141 patients, 111 were overcorrected immediately after surgery. Among 111 overcorrected patients, 64 were children and 47 were adults. Fifty of 64 overcorrected pediatric patients were satisfied after 6 m.on`ths after surgery, but only 22 of 47 overcorrected adult patients were satisfied. Twenty two of 26 overcorrected 10-15delta immediately after surgery in pediatric group and 17 of 24 overcorrected under 10delta, in adult group were satisfied after 6 months after surgery. Between the two groups, the figure of change of postoperative deviation were different. In pediatric group, postoperative deviation was rnuch naore decreased at. 6 months after surgery, but, changes were less significant in adult group. We suggest that immediately after surgery, a small consecutive esotropia of 10 to ISA is desirable in children but. esotropia less than IDA in adults.
Adult* ; Child ; Esotropia ; Exotropia* ; Humans

Strabismus fixus is a rare condition in which one or both eyes are anchored, as a rule, in a position of extreme adduction or abduction. The involved eye is "fixed" in this position and cannot be moved, and the forced duction test will confirm the immobility of the eye. The condition generally is thought to be congenital and caused by fibrosis, which would explain the loss of elasticity of the rectus muscle. Divergent forms of strabismus fixus not accompanied by ptosis or generalized fibrosis of the extraocular muscle are even more unusual. The authors experienced one case of divergent strabismus fixus in a 23 year old female patient. We performed complete disinsertion of both lateral rectus muscle and recession of conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule, combined with 11 mm resection of medial rectus muscle of left eye. The result of that surgery, however, was not satisfactory. So we performed 11 mm resection of medial rectus muscle of right eye and temporary fixation of the globes with traction sutures in a position of abbuction on both eyes at 3 days after the first surgery. After 4 weeks, patient was remained 60 delta exodeviation but primary position and ocular motility were improved.
Conjunctiva ; Elasticity ; Exotropia* ; Female ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Strabismus ; Sutures ; Tenon Capsule ; Traction ; Young Adult

Changes of deviated angle in monocular exotropic patients with amblyopia were studied in 18 patients who had undergone occlusion therapy to investigate the possibility that occlusion may have an influence on the amount of preexisting exodeviation and fixation. Average follow up time was 9.7 months and average age was 6.3 years old. The size of the deviation angle was changed from 27.00 +/- 6.57 Prism diopter(PD) to 21.05 +/- 10.07 PD at near fixation, and from 28.56 +/- 8.67 PD to 22.05 +/- 10.08 PD at distance fixation(P<0.001). The size of deviation angle decreased more than 6 PD in 7 cases(38.9%) at near fixation and in 8 cases(44.4%) at distance fixation. The preference pattern was changed from monocular to alternating type in 14 cases(77.8%). After occluson in monocular exotropic patients with amblyopia, the visual acuity was improved and deviated angle was changed more than 6 PD. The changed angle was decreased or increased, but one patient was increased less than 5 PD. The remained deviation of angle after occlusion was less than 10 PD in 2 patients and fixation pattern was changed to exophoria in 1 patient. This results were not required surgical treatment in 3 patients. This result suggest that we should be attempt to treat by occlusion before surgery, because the occlusion therapy is helpful to improvement of visual acuity, deviated angle and fixation pattern.
Amblyopia* ; Exotropia* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical characteristics of exodeviated patients with accomodative esotropia and orthophoric hyperopia. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients with accommodative esotropia and hyperopia who later developed exotropia and visited the Department of Ophthalmology of Wonju Severance Christian Hospital from January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2013. RESULTS: The study included 13 patients with a mean age of 4.1 years at initial referral. At the initial visit, nine patients (69.2%) had accommodative esotropia with a median of 25.5 PD esotropia at near gaze. Among the esotropic patients, four patients (44.4%) had unilateral amblyopia and five patients (55.6%) had bilateral amblyopia. The spherical equivalent was +6.09 D in the amblyopic eye and +5.63 D in the dominant eye. In the cases of bilateral amblyopia, the spherical equivalent was +5.875 D. Spontaneous consecutive exotropia developed at a mean age of 8.63 years (average follow-up of 56.38 months). Mean exodeviation was 10.33 PD. Among the four patients (30.8%) who were orthophoric at their initial visit, two patients (50%) had unilateral amblyopia and two (50%) had bilateral amblyopia. The spherical equivalents of the amblyopic eye and the dominant eye were +5.63 D and +3.13 D, respectively. In cases of bilateral amblyopia, a mean spherical equivalent of +5.50 D was observed. The mean age when exodeviation occurred was 10.75 years, which was 64 months after the initial visit. The average exodeviation was 6.5 PD. CONCLUSIONS: When treating accommodative esotropia and hyperopia, long-term observation is necessary since exodeviation could develop. Exotropia was successfully managed with spectacle correction. Further studies are needed for possible surgical intervention.
Amblyopia ; Esotropia* ; Exotropia ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gangwon-do ; Humans ; Hyperopia* ; Ophthalmology ; Referral and Consultation ; Retrospective Studies ; Strabismus*

Episcleral osseous choristoma is a rare isolated bony nodule occurring in the conjunctival or episcleral connective tissue in eyes which are otherwise normal. They are present at birth. This congenital lesion is usually about the size of a pea and typically located in the superotemporal quadrant, some 5 to 10mm from the limbus. Of the 40 reported cases in the literature, none had associated ocular abnormalities. The diagnosis has seldom been suspected preoperatively. Our patient was 3-month-old healthy male baby. For the cosmetic purpose, we had done excisional biopsy. In the histopathologic study, the mass was a dermoid covered with skin and contained fat, hair follicle and osseous tissue at its center. The mass was confirmed to be a complex choristoma, especially osseous choristoma. We report this case because of the rarity of osseous chroistomas combined with complex choristoma.
Biopsy ; Choristoma* ; Connective Tissue ; Dermoid Cyst ; Diagnosis ; Hair Follicle ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Parturition ; Peas ; Skin

Patients undergoing monocular excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for myopic correction can develop strabismus secondary to decompensated heterophorias. We experienced a case of ocular esodeviation and diplopia that developed 8 nionths after monocular excimer laser phtorefractive keratectomy. So, we report this case with 8 review of the literature.
Diplopia ; Esotropia ; Humans ; Lasers, Excimer ; Photorefractive Keratectomy* ; Strabismus

The orbital blowout fracture has been increasingly noticed due to trauma and traffic accidents. The diagnostic confirmation is early established by CT scan, but indication for surgical treatment, the technique for repair, and timing of repair are still controversial. The main symptoms of orbital fracture include diplopia, enophthalmos and hypesthesia in distributions of the infraorbital nerve. These are usually accompained by other symptoms such as emphysema of the eyelids, ptosis, epistaxis and ocular injury. Among these diplopia and enophthalmos are considered as main surgical indications. Especially operation is performed when the contractibility of extraocular muscle(EOM) is changed due to incarceration of EOM and persistent diplopia at straight forward gaze or downward gaze. Many theories for sugical repiar timing are insisted but at present the accepted timing for operation is posttraumatic 1-2 weeks. To prevent the fibrosis and atrophy of extraocular muscle from the incarceration of EoM due to orbital fracture is the indication of surgery. To estimate the optimal time to perform the operation, we checked the EOM contractivilty by electromyography before and after artificial muscle incareceration in the rabbit. The results were as follows. The differences in RMS(root mean square) and MRV(mean rectified voltage) were not shown before or after the artivicial incarceration of extraocular muscle until the 5th day of the surgery. But the RMS and MRV measurements performed on the 7th day decreased significantly and these decreases were sustained. According to the results of this experiment. if the incarceration of the extraocular muscle due to the orbital fracture is diagnosed, relieving the incarceration by surgery before the 7th day can prevent the change of EOM contractibility. It will provide significant benefit, in maintaining the normal functioin of the extraocualr muscle.
Accidents, Traffic ; Atrophy ; Diplopia ; Electromyography ; Emphysema ; Enophthalmos ; Epistaxis ; Eyelids ; Fibrosis ; Hypesthesia ; Orbit ; Orbital Fractures ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed