We reviewed 40 cases of femoral shaft fractures in children treated with split Russel traction and initial fracture angulation above 10 degree. The treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children is various according to age. Satisfactory results have been reported with split-Russel traction. At an average follow-up of 33 months, we obtained following results about remodelling of fracture site & physeal site, possible acceptable angulation of fracture. 1. The average time of traction was 18 days, and hip spica cast was applied for 28 days. 2. Malunion within 25degrees in flexion & 23degrees in valgus & 24degrees in varus was well corrected spontaneously. 3. Average correction of initial angular deformity was 86% at last follow up. 4. Anterior angulation was corrected at 83%, varus 87%, valgus 88%. 5. Remodelling according to direction of deformity was no statistical correlation (P>0.05), and then spontaneous correction of angular deformity was same without relation to direction of deformity. 6. Remodelling according to site was statistical correlation (P<0.05), fracture site 26%, physes 74%. And proximal physes 36%, distal physes 38%.
Child* ; Congenital Abnormalities* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hip ; Humans ; Traction*

Aneurysmal bone cyst uncommonly involves the pubic bone and tends to grow eccentrically and thin out overlying cortex. In the following case report, a 19-year-old male patient visited out hospital, because of dull pain in his left groin. He was diagnosed as aneurysmal bone cyst originated from the superior pubic ramus by CT guided needle biopsy. Transcatheter arterial embolization was effective in the treatment of this lesion such as complete consolidation after the procedure. At present, 2 years follow-up, no problem was noted at weight bearing as well as hip function or recurrence.
Aneurysm ; Biopsy, Needle ; Bone Cysts ; Follow-Up Studies ; Groin ; Hip ; Humans ; Male ; Pubic Bone ; Recurrence ; Weight-Bearing ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: This is a retrospective review of 22 surgically treated benign and malignant tumors of brachial plexus region to describe clinical presentation, the characteristics of brachial plexus tumor and clinical outcomes with a literature review. METHODS: Twenty-one patients with consecutive 22 surgeries for primary brachial plexus tumors were enrolled between February 2002 and November 2011 were included in this study. The medical records of all patients were reviewed. RESULTS: Eleven male and 10 female patients were enrolled. Mean age was 39 years. Three patients had brachial plexus tumor associated with neurofibromatosis (13.6%). Presenting signs and symptoms included parenthesis and numbness (54.5%), radiating pain (22.7%), direct tenderness and pain (27.2%), palpable mass (77.3%). Twelve patients presented preoperative sensory deficit (54.5%) and 9 patients presented preoperative motor deficit (40.9%). Twenty tumors (90.9%) were benign and 2 tumors (9.1%) were malignant. Benign tumors included 15 schwannomas (68.2%), 4 neurofibromas (18.2%) and 1 granular cell tumor (4.5%). There were 1 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) and 1 malignant granular cell tumor. Gross total resection was achieved in 16 patients (72.7%), including all schwannomas, 1 neurofibroma. Subtotal resection was performed in 6 tumors (27.3%), including 3 neurofibromatosis associated with brachial plexus neurofibromas, 1 MPNST and 2 granular cell tumor in one patient. CONCLUSION: Resection of tumor is the choice of tumor in the most of benign and malignant brachial plexus tumors. Postoperative outcomes are related to grade of resection at surgery and pathological features of tumor.
Brachial Plexus ; Female ; Granular Cell Tumor ; Humans ; Hypesthesia ; Male ; Medical Records ; Nerve Sheath Neoplasms ; Neurilemmoma ; Neurofibroma ; Neurofibromatoses ; Peripheral Nerves ; Retrospective Studies

Treatment of Rupture of Achilles tendon was first reported by Pare, 1575 and thereafter the various causes, diagnostic & therapeutic method of the ruptured tendon have been described by many authors. The two options of treatment are conservative management and surgical treatment and currently surgical intervention has been more popular. There are various surgical techniques which have been reported by many surgeons to treat the acute rupture of the Achilles tendon. In this report, 18 cases ( 11 male & 7 female ) of injuried Achilles tendon had been treated by the modified Lindholm method and follow-up study of 18 cases had been made during 28 months from august. 1993 to december, 1995. The results as follows; 1. After repair by the modified Lindholm method, a long leg cast was applied, and then aweight bearing was started average 8 weeks postoperatively. It can be demonstrated to shorten hospitalization and early ambulation compared to other surgical techniques 2. Postoperative power of triceps surae muscle was improved to normal in 15 patients ofthe 18 patients, and muscle power was good in 3 patients, but, all cases was improved to nearly normal whithin the last follow up. 3. Heel to floor distance was 0.6cm less on the operated side than on the normal side, and the difference decreased to 0.2cm at the last follow up. 4. The calf atrophy was minimal, and active range of motion of ankle was within normal limit. 5. We suggest that the procedure is recommended for one of the methods of the treatment of acute rupture of the Achilles tendon, because it is easy to do and permits early weight bearing and the complication is less.
Achilles Tendon* ; Ankle ; Atrophy ; Early Ambulation ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heel ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Leg ; Male ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Rupture* ; Tendons ; Weight-Bearing

It is important to follow strict indications for surgery and recognize prognostic factors in order to get good results in the surgical treatment of herniated nucleus pulposus. 55 patients with herniated nucleus pulposus were studied who had had laminectomy and discectomy and were followed up for more than 1 year in order to analyze the correlation between various factors including history, physical examination and radiologic finding and surgical results. Age, sex, symptom duration, location of the herniation, smoking, occupation, physical examination, disc height change, MRI findings, operation time and bleeding volume were evaluated as prognostic factors that seemed to influence surgical result. The results are as follow 1. Female had significantly better surgical results than male (P<0.05). 2. Non-smokers had significantly better surgical result than smokers (P<0.01). 3. In MRI finding, protruded disc had significantly better surgical result when it had involved spinal canal posterolaterally than centrally (P<0.01). 4. The less bleeding volume, the better surgical result (P<0.05).
Diskectomy ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Laminectomy ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Occupations ; Physical Examination ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Spinal Canal

Background: We aimed to analyze the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax among military members of the Republic of Korea (ROK). Methods: We reviewed the medical records of patients diagnosed with P. vivax malaria in 16 military hospitals in the ROK between 2012–2021, excluding other types of malaria, as well as imported cases and those treated in civilian hospitals. Results: In total, 653 patients were treated for P. vivax malaria. Their mean age was 22.0 ± 3.8 years, and their mean body weight was 73.4 ± 10.8 kg. Hospitalization occurred in 92.0% (n = 601) of the cases, with 4.4% (n = 29) recurring. The mean administered dose was 20.7 ± 3.4 mg/kg for the chloroquine (CQ) base and 3.5 ± 1.2 mg/kg for the primaquine (PQ) base.Between 2012–2016 and 2017–2021, the mean patient body weight increased (72.9 ± 11.1 vs.74.3 ± 10.3 kg, P = 0.044). Correspondingly, the total administered doses of CQ (1,476.0 ± 144.0 vs. 1,515.1 ± 155.1 mg, P = 0.010) and PQ (242.6 ± 79.7 vs. 265.7 ± 92.3 mg, P < 0.001) were increased. However, there was no difference in the weight-based dosage of CQ (20.7 ± 3.6 vs. 20.7 ± 3.2 mg/kg, P = 0.580) or PQ (3.33 ± 1.1 vs. 3.64 ± 1.3 mg/kg, P = 0.256), nor in the percentage of patients who received sub-recommended doses. Among the 27 patients who experienced recurrence and had available initial treatment data, the proportion of those prescribed PQ (24 [88.9%] vs. 623 [99.5%], P = 0.001) and the mean PQ dose (2.75 ± 0.7 vs.3.50 ± 1.2 mg/kg, P = 0.003) were significantly lower in the recurrence group. Conclusion Over time, as the body weight of patients with P. vivax malaria in the ROK military has increased, the administered dosages of CQ and PQ have correspondingly risen.However, these dosages often remain suboptimal when compared to the body weightbased recommendations by the World Health Organization. Of particular concern is the continued administration of antimalarial drugs at suboptimal doses, which may contribute to an elevated risk of recurrence. Further education may therefore be beneficial to ensuring appropriate dosing for more effective malaria treatment.

Background: We aimed to analyze the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax among military members of the Republic of Korea (ROK). Methods: We reviewed the medical records of patients diagnosed with P. vivax malaria in 16 military hospitals in the ROK between 2012–2021, excluding other types of malaria, as well as imported cases and those treated in civilian hospitals. Results: In total, 653 patients were treated for P. vivax malaria. Their mean age was 22.0 ± 3.8 years, and their mean body weight was 73.4 ± 10.8 kg. Hospitalization occurred in 92.0% (n = 601) of the cases, with 4.4% (n = 29) recurring. The mean administered dose was 20.7 ± 3.4 mg/kg for the chloroquine (CQ) base and 3.5 ± 1.2 mg/kg for the primaquine (PQ) base.Between 2012–2016 and 2017–2021, the mean patient body weight increased (72.9 ± 11.1 vs.74.3 ± 10.3 kg, P = 0.044). Correspondingly, the total administered doses of CQ (1,476.0 ± 144.0 vs. 1,515.1 ± 155.1 mg, P = 0.010) and PQ (242.6 ± 79.7 vs. 265.7 ± 92.3 mg, P < 0.001) were increased. However, there was no difference in the weight-based dosage of CQ (20.7 ± 3.6 vs. 20.7 ± 3.2 mg/kg, P = 0.580) or PQ (3.33 ± 1.1 vs. 3.64 ± 1.3 mg/kg, P = 0.256), nor in the percentage of patients who received sub-recommended doses. Among the 27 patients who experienced recurrence and had available initial treatment data, the proportion of those prescribed PQ (24 [88.9%] vs. 623 [99.5%], P = 0.001) and the mean PQ dose (2.75 ± 0.7 vs.3.50 ± 1.2 mg/kg, P = 0.003) were significantly lower in the recurrence group. Conclusion Over time, as the body weight of patients with P. vivax malaria in the ROK military has increased, the administered dosages of CQ and PQ have correspondingly risen.However, these dosages often remain suboptimal when compared to the body weightbased recommendations by the World Health Organization. Of particular concern is the continued administration of antimalarial drugs at suboptimal doses, which may contribute to an elevated risk of recurrence. Further education may therefore be beneficial to ensuring appropriate dosing for more effective malaria treatment.

Background: We aimed to analyze the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax among military members of the Republic of Korea (ROK). Methods: We reviewed the medical records of patients diagnosed with P. vivax malaria in 16 military hospitals in the ROK between 2012–2021, excluding other types of malaria, as well as imported cases and those treated in civilian hospitals. Results: In total, 653 patients were treated for P. vivax malaria. Their mean age was 22.0 ± 3.8 years, and their mean body weight was 73.4 ± 10.8 kg. Hospitalization occurred in 92.0% (n = 601) of the cases, with 4.4% (n = 29) recurring. The mean administered dose was 20.7 ± 3.4 mg/kg for the chloroquine (CQ) base and 3.5 ± 1.2 mg/kg for the primaquine (PQ) base.Between 2012–2016 and 2017–2021, the mean patient body weight increased (72.9 ± 11.1 vs.74.3 ± 10.3 kg, P = 0.044). Correspondingly, the total administered doses of CQ (1,476.0 ± 144.0 vs. 1,515.1 ± 155.1 mg, P = 0.010) and PQ (242.6 ± 79.7 vs. 265.7 ± 92.3 mg, P < 0.001) were increased. However, there was no difference in the weight-based dosage of CQ (20.7 ± 3.6 vs. 20.7 ± 3.2 mg/kg, P = 0.580) or PQ (3.33 ± 1.1 vs. 3.64 ± 1.3 mg/kg, P = 0.256), nor in the percentage of patients who received sub-recommended doses. Among the 27 patients who experienced recurrence and had available initial treatment data, the proportion of those prescribed PQ (24 [88.9%] vs. 623 [99.5%], P = 0.001) and the mean PQ dose (2.75 ± 0.7 vs.3.50 ± 1.2 mg/kg, P = 0.003) were significantly lower in the recurrence group. Conclusion Over time, as the body weight of patients with P. vivax malaria in the ROK military has increased, the administered dosages of CQ and PQ have correspondingly risen.However, these dosages often remain suboptimal when compared to the body weightbased recommendations by the World Health Organization. Of particular concern is the continued administration of antimalarial drugs at suboptimal doses, which may contribute to an elevated risk of recurrence. Further education may therefore be beneficial to ensuring appropriate dosing for more effective malaria treatment.

Background: We aimed to analyze the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax among military members of the Republic of Korea (ROK). Methods: We reviewed the medical records of patients diagnosed with P. vivax malaria in 16 military hospitals in the ROK between 2012–2021, excluding other types of malaria, as well as imported cases and those treated in civilian hospitals. Results: In total, 653 patients were treated for P. vivax malaria. Their mean age was 22.0 ± 3.8 years, and their mean body weight was 73.4 ± 10.8 kg. Hospitalization occurred in 92.0% (n = 601) of the cases, with 4.4% (n = 29) recurring. The mean administered dose was 20.7 ± 3.4 mg/kg for the chloroquine (CQ) base and 3.5 ± 1.2 mg/kg for the primaquine (PQ) base.Between 2012–2016 and 2017–2021, the mean patient body weight increased (72.9 ± 11.1 vs.74.3 ± 10.3 kg, P = 0.044). Correspondingly, the total administered doses of CQ (1,476.0 ± 144.0 vs. 1,515.1 ± 155.1 mg, P = 0.010) and PQ (242.6 ± 79.7 vs. 265.7 ± 92.3 mg, P < 0.001) were increased. However, there was no difference in the weight-based dosage of CQ (20.7 ± 3.6 vs. 20.7 ± 3.2 mg/kg, P = 0.580) or PQ (3.33 ± 1.1 vs. 3.64 ± 1.3 mg/kg, P = 0.256), nor in the percentage of patients who received sub-recommended doses. Among the 27 patients who experienced recurrence and had available initial treatment data, the proportion of those prescribed PQ (24 [88.9%] vs. 623 [99.5%], P = 0.001) and the mean PQ dose (2.75 ± 0.7 vs.3.50 ± 1.2 mg/kg, P = 0.003) were significantly lower in the recurrence group. Conclusion Over time, as the body weight of patients with P. vivax malaria in the ROK military has increased, the administered dosages of CQ and PQ have correspondingly risen.However, these dosages often remain suboptimal when compared to the body weightbased recommendations by the World Health Organization. Of particular concern is the continued administration of antimalarial drugs at suboptimal doses, which may contribute to an elevated risk of recurrence. Further education may therefore be beneficial to ensuring appropriate dosing for more effective malaria treatment.

Albendazole binds to parasite's tubulin inhibiting its glucose absorption. Its common adverse effects are nausea, vomiting, constipation, thirst, dizziness, headache, hair loss and pruritus. Although mainly metabolized in the liver, abnormal liver function tests were a rare adverse effect during clinical trials and we found no literature about albendazole-induced hepatitis requiring admission. This patient had a previous history of albendazole ingestion in 2002 resulting in increase of liver function tests. And in 2005, the episode repeated. We evaluated the patient for viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, and autoimmune hepatitis, but no other cause of hepatic injury could be found. Liver biopsy showed periportal steatosis and periportal necrosis. The initial abnormal liver function test improved only with supportive care. These findings and the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method of the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (RUCAM/CIOMS) score of 9 are compatible with drug-induced hepatitis so we report the case of this patient with a review of the literature.
Albendazole/*adverse effects ; Antiprotozoal Agents/*adverse effects ; Eosinophils/metabolism ; Glucose/metabolism ; Hepatitis, Toxic/*diagnosis ; Humans ; Liver/drug effects ; Liver Function Tests ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Necrosis