Rehabilitation of young children with hearing impairment can be defined as a teaching/learning process where the role of the clinician is to facilitate the acquisition of listening, speech and language in a normal developmental order. The young children with hearing impairment are helped by hearing aids and cochlear implants to learn language. Auditory (re)habilitation in young children with hearing impairment is to acquire auditory skills at four stages : sound detection, sound identification through imitation, sound discrimination, and comprehension. Without appropriate auditory training and early intervention, children with hearing impairment cannot develop spoken language. Speech acquisition is a perceptual as well as an oral process. To maximize the speech acquisition in children with hearing impairment, indepth understanding of the characteristics of the children, the parents' motivation and cooperation, a well-designed educational program, and the high competence of the health care professionals are important. Therefore, listening is not an isolated skill, and the auditory development in children with hearing impairment should be achieved in a comprehensive approach. Young children with hearing impairment need supports and guidance from health care professionals whose holistic approach balances auditory learning with the parallel development of the children's other learning processes.
Child* ; Cochlear Implants ; Comprehension ; Correction of Hearing Impairment* ; Delivery of Health Care ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Early Intervention (Education) ; Hearing Aids ; Hearing Loss* ; Humans ; Learning ; Mental Competency ; Motivation ; Rehabilitation ; Speech Perception*

Among total 108 cases of biopsy-proven fibroadenomas of the breast, which obtained from the files of the Asan Medical Center during one year period from October 1998 to September 1999, 23 cases cytologically diagnosed as high risk group were reviewed to retrieve the mis-leading factors. Initial cytologic diagnoses of 23 cases were proliferative breast lesion with atypia(high risk) in 21 cases(91.3%) and papillary neoplasm in 2 cases(8.7%). When we reanalysed 23 cases by Masood scoring system, they were classified as one non-proliferative breast lesion(4.3%), 16 proliferative breast lesions without atypia (69.6%), and 6 proliferative breast lesions with atypia(26.1%). None were subject to the category of carcinoma. Cytologic features leading to the overdiagnosis of high grade epithelial lesions were as follows; cellular dissociation without nuclear atypia, nuclear pleomorphism, anisonucleosis, and occasional macronucleoli without nuclear enlargement, lack of myxoid stroma, and few naked stromal cells. To avoid cytologic overdiagnosis of fibroadenoma, mild to moderate nuclear pleomorphism without nuclear enlargement, and cellular dissociation without nuclear atypia should not be regarded as criteria of high risk group.
Neoplasm Metastasis

BACKGROUND: Smoking increases the risk of respiratory, cardiac diseases and cancer. This study is to ascertain the relationship between passive smoking, the modes of residence, its location and the immunoglobulin values as well as the eosinophil counts in relation to child patients suffering from bronchial or cardiac asthma. METHODS: The research was conducted at a general hospital with cooperation of 242 patients who had been hospitalized 1991 through 1995. We compared the average values of immunoglobulin between the groups of exposed and non-exposed to smoking by T-test. A same work for residential modes was done by T-tests, while the data regarding the residing locality were processed by ANOVA. RESULTS: Each values of TEC, IgE, IgA, and IgM in both groups has been analysed but spelling no significant differences. The group residing in apartments showed lower value of IgM than those of flats. CONCLUSIONS: The reason the IgM value of apartments is lower than that of flats is due to the difference of living quarters. This signifies the modes of residence may as well affect the IgE value.
Asthma ; Child* ; Eosinophils ; Heart Diseases ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulin M ; Immunoglobulins* ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution*

No abstract available.
Audiometry*

No abstract available.
Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous*

No abstract available.
Neurons*

No abstract available.

A case of anencephaly associatied with twin pregnancy that delivered by primary lo-wer flap transverse cesarean section at 35-weeks of gestation is presented with brief revi-ew of literatures.
Anencephaly* ; Cesarean Section ; Female ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Twin*

PURPOSE: To determine whether there are significant differences between the retinal thicknesses of the macular area in eyes of healthy Koreans compared with normative data using OCT3 (version 4.0). METHODS: The study was performed in 111 eyes of 71 adults between the ages of 20 and 69 with corrected vision of 0.8 or greater and no systemic or ocular disease. The subject group was designed to have a similar age distribution to that of normative data. An OCT3 fast macular map was used to measure macular thickness. The results were further analyzed and compared with the normative data. RESULTS: The overall results from the subject group were similar to the normative data. However, the nasal parts of the outer ring were thicker than the normative data and the temporal parts of the outer ring were thinner (p<.0001). When each age group was compared, the thickness of the superior part of the inner ring and the nasal part of the inner and outer rings were thicker than the normative data in the age groups of twenties and thirties (p<.05). For the nasal parts of outer ring, the macula were thicker by OCT examination than the normative data in 25.2% of subjects, although they were clinically normal. CONCLUSIONS: Macular thickness in healthy Koreans was generally similar to the normative data of OCT3. However, a slight difference may exist and must be considered when measuring and interpreting macular thickness measurements.
Adult ; Age Distribution ; Eye ; Humans ; Retinaldehyde ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Vision, Ocular

PURPOSE: Gasless transaxillary endoscopic thyroidectomy has become a widely used surgical alternative due to the recent advances in the operative techniques and laparoscopic instruments, and its cosmetic superiority. The aim of this study is to analyze the factors associated with complications following surgery by reviewing 49 patients who underwent gasless transaxillary endoscopic thyroidectomy. METHODS: Between Nov. 2006 and Jun. 2009, 49 patients underwent gasless transaxillary endoscopic thyroidectomy via an axillary approach. The clinical and pathologic characteristics, operation type, postoperative hospital stay, operation time and post operative complications were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 49 patients, 37 had benign tumors and 12 had malignant tumors. Unilateral thyroid lobectomies were generally performed for benign tumors. For malignant ones, 7 lobectomies and 5 lobectomies with central lymph node dissection were done. In pathological review, most common benign disease was nodular hyperplasia, and the most common malignancy was papillary microcarcinoma. The mean operative time was 160.7±38.2 minutes (100~295). The postoperative complications were as follows; neck and anterior chest discomfort (19 cases), operation wound infection (5 cases), seroma (3 cases), swallowing difficulty (3 cases) and hoarseness (3 cases). CONCLUSION: Gasless transaxillary endoscopic thyroidectomy is a feasible and safe operation, and provides excellent cosmetic results. But there are still postoperative complications, it should be considered to reduce.
Deglutition ; Hoarseness ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Length of Stay ; Lymph Node Excision ; Neck ; Operative Time ; Postoperative Complications ; Retrospective Studies ; Seroma ; Thorax ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroidectomy* ; Wound Infection