The surgical anatomy of the breast for mammaplasty using breast implants has not yet been fully described. The mammary gland is one of the pilo-sebaceus tissues, which is located between anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerve and between the superficial and deep layer of the subcutaneous fascias, and fed by the perforating cutaneous branch of the internal thoracic artery and mammary branch of lateral thoracic artery. In augmentation mammaplasty, surgeons must understand that implantation is the procedure to form a thin and wide capsule around the implant. Therefore, the implant should be inserted into the pocket surrounded by fascias between the deep layer of the subcutaneous fascia and the superficial layer of the superficial thoracic fascia or between the deep layer of the superficial thoracic fascia and the superficial layer of the deep thoracic fascia. In immediate reconstruction mammaplasty, the lower-lateral part of the superficial thoracic fascia should be preserved in order to separate the layers of the mastectomy and implantation, and the dissection of the interpectoral lymph nodes must be abbreviated to keep the fascias beneath the pectoralis major.

Cohesive gel implants are currently popular worldwide, and provide patients with their desire aesthetic outcome and improve the fault of old type silicone implant. However, the use of cohesive gel implants impose a heavy burden on patients because of the cost about implant itself and evaluation for leakage of implant. In addition, there is no long-term follow up result about the new implants. To overcome these problems, surgeons adhere to the approved implant's indication and contraindication, and increase patient's comprehension about augmentation mammaplasty with cohesive gel implants through preoperative sufficient consultation. Physicians must know well about surgical techniques which reflect characteristics of cohesive gel implant in operation. After operation, physicians record the size and serial number of implants. Perfect enforcement of these serial process produces aesthetic satisfactory result without complications.

No abstract available.
Nipples*

Maintaining patient safety in and outside the operating room is a major concern of plastic surgeons. Circumventing preventable complications is essential, as public acknowledgement and interest in the complications of cosmetic surgery rises. The plastic surgery patient is generally considered a safe candidate for surgery, but his or her health may have masked problems, and generally superficial surgery can still be subject to the common risks of surgery. Patient education and information on the procedure and the risks, benefits, and alternatives can help avoid surprise and confusion if a complication does occur. Peer-review systems in the form of weekly or monthly morbidity reporting conferences can help identify practice patterns that increase risks and can ultimately improve patient safety. After reviewing a patient's medical history, doing a thorough physical examination and review of systems, and pertinent laboratory or radiographic testing, the physician should select the patient's appropriate classification from the anesthesiologist's physical rating. Preparation and consideration for the common risks of plastic surgery should help to improve perioperative safety.
Classification ; Congresses as Topic ; Humans ; Masks ; Operating Rooms ; Patient Education as Topic ; Patient Safety* ; Perioperative Care ; Physical Examination ; Plastics ; Surgery, Plastic*

BACKGROUND: Aurora kinase A (Aurora-A) plays an important role in the regulation of mitosis and cytokinesis. Dysregulated Aurora-A leads to mitotic faults and results in pathological conditions. No studies on Aurora-A expression in human diabetic skin tissue have been reported. In light of this, we explored the expression of Aurora-A in human diabetic skin tissue. METHODS: Aurora-A protein was evaluated by western blotting in 6 human diabetic skin tissue and 6 normal skin specimens. RESULTS: Increased expression of Aurora-A protein was detected in all diabetic skin tissue samples in both western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining. However, in the case of the normal skin tissue, no bands of Aurora-A protein were detected in either the western blotting analysis or the immunohistochemical staining. CONCLUSIONS: Thus far, there have been no studies on the expression of Aurora-A in diabetic skin tissue. However, we believe that oxidative DNA damage related to the expression of Aurora-A protein and Aurora-A could be involved inhuman diabetic skin tissue.
Aurora Kinase A* ; Blotting, Western ; Cytokinesis ; Diabetes Mellitus ; DNA Damage ; Humans ; Mitosis ; Skin*

No abstract available.
Hyoid Bone* ; Mandibular Fractures* ; Masks*

An advantage of breast augmentation with injectable fillers is that the desired size can be determined and achieved under local anesthesia with a short recovery time. However, a high complication rate is a critical disadvantage. Some fillers are challenging to remove, resulting in breast deformity and scarring. Five patients who underwent surgery to manage a foreign body in the breasts in 2021 were enrolled in this study. Two had copolyamide filler injections, while the other three had polyacrylamide hydrogel filler injections. A physical examination was performed, and preoperative and intraoperative photographs were obtained. Two patients underwent subcutaneous mastectomy because most of the filler had infiltrated into the normal breast tissue. In contrast, the other patients underwent filler removal and debridement because most of the filler had remained separate from the normal breast tissue. All patients who had a subcutaneous mastectomy and one who underwent only filler removal underwent immediate breast reconstruction with cohesive gel implants. The other patients rejected immediate reconstruction, and only filler removal was performed. All patients recovered without complications. We propose an algorithm for diagnosis and treatment based on our cases, which we hope can help clinicians manage the complications of filler injections for breast augmentation.

Breast augmentation is one of the most popular cosmetic procedures in Korea and worldwide. In breast augmentation, it is crucial to place the implant in the proper position by creating an adequate pocket considering the size of the implant. This prevents subsequent displacement of the implant. When using an endoscope, the operation is performed without direct vision and in a narrow surgical space, leading to limitations in practice. Inexperienced physicians face a steep learning curve in their efforts to overcome this difficulty. In this study, we attempted to overcome this challenge by specifying the medial and lateral dissection ranges. The extent of the dissection is determined based on the pinnate of the pectoralis major muscle when dissecting medially and the fascia of the pectoralis major, the pectoralis minor, and the serratus anterior muscles when dissecting laterally. In addition, the structure made from the medial and lateral sides can support the implant like a funnel and can prevent further downward, inward, and outward displacement.

No abstract available.
Ficusin* ; Psoriasis* ; Skin Neoplasms*