This study compared the microshear bond strength (microSBS) of light-cured and dual-cured composites to enamel bonded with three self-etching adhesives. Crown segments of extracted human molars were cut mesiodistally, and 1 mm thickness of specimen was made. They were assigned to three groups by used adhesives: Xeno group (Xeno III), Adper group (Adper Prompt L-Pop), and AQ group (AQ Bond). Each adhesive was applied to cut enamel surface as per manufacturer's instruction. Light-cured (Filtek Z 250) or dual-cured composite (Luxacore) was bonded to enamel of each specimen using Tygon tube. After storage in distilled water for 24 hours, the bonded specimens were subjected to microSBS testing with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/minute. The mean microSBS (n = 20 for each group) was statistically compared using two-way ANOVA, Tukey HSD, and t test at the 0.05 probability level. The results of this study were as follows; 1. The microSBS of light-cured composite was significantly higher than that of dual-cured composite when same adhesive was applied to enamel. 2. For Z 250, the microSBS of AQ group (9.95 +/- 2.51 MPa) to enamel was significantly higher than that of Adper goup (6.74 +/- 1.80 MPa), but not significantly different with Xeno group (7.73 +/- 2.01 MPa). 3. For Luxacore, the microSBS of Xeno group (5.19 +/- 1.32 MPa) to enamel was significantly higher than that of Adper goup (3.41 +/- 1.19 MPa), but not significantly different with AQ group (4.50 +/- 0.96 MPa).
Adhesives* ; Crowns ; Dental Enamel* ; Humans ; Molar ; Water

No abstract available.
Choriocarcinoma* ; Female ; Ovary* ; Pregnancy

No abstract available.
Saliva*

Cortical laminar necrosis has been rarely observed in osmotic demyelination syndrome. We report a 32-year-old female patient who became comatose after the rapid correction of hyponatremia. There were high signal intensities in the pons and bilateral deep gray nuclei on T2-weighted MRI images, and linear hyperintensities along the cerebral cortices on T1-weighted images with a diffuse gyriform enhancement. MR spectroscopic findings showed a decrease of the N-acetyl aspartate peak and an increase in those of the lipid and lactate complex. The case demonstrates that a severe form of osmotic demyelination syndrome accompanying cortical laminar necrosis can result from the rapid correction of hyponatremia.
Adult ; Aspartic Acid ; Cerebral Cortex ; Coma ; Demyelinating Diseases* ; Female ; Humans ; Hyponatremia ; Lactic Acid ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Necrosis* ; Pons

The purpose of this study was to compare the microleakage of low and high viscosity flowable resins in class V cavities applied with 1-step adhesives. Forty class V cavities were prepared on the cervices of buccal and lingual surfaces of extracted molar teeth and divided into four groups (n=8). Cavities were restored with AQ Bond Plus/Metafil Flo alpha, G-Bond/UniFil LoFlo Plus (Low flow groups), AQ Bond Plus/Metafil Flo and G-Bond/UniFil Flow (High flow group), respectively. Specimens were immersed in a 2% methylene blue solution for 24 hours, and bisected longitudinally. They were observed microleakages at the enamel and dentinal margins. In conclusion, the low viscosity flowable resins showed lower marginal microleakage than do the high viscosity flowable resins in class V cavities.
Dental Enamel ; Dentin ; Dentin-Bonding Agents ; Methylene Blue ; Molar ; Tooth ; Viscosity

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the psychiatric characteristics of outpatients with tinnitus. METHODS: A total of 88 subjects were included in this study. According to Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) scores, the subjects were classified into two group ; a mild tinnitus symptoms (mild-tinnitus) group and a severe tinnitus symptoms (severe-tinnitus) group. A questionnaire was used for an assessment of demographic characteristics, and the THI, the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) about tinnitus, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) are applied for evaluation of other clinical psychiatric characteristics. RESULTS: Higher THI scores were positively correlated with tinnitus course, the number of accompanying symptoms, and the VAS. BDI total scores, BDI factors, and BAI total scores were significantly higher in the severe-tinnitus group than in the mild-tinnitus group. Also suicidal ideation, interpersonal problems, sleep problems, occupational impairment, and fatigue were significantly higher in the severe-tinnitus group than in the mild-tinnitus group. CONCLUSIONS: Tinnitus is a common disorder of hearing which is associated frequently with psychiatric problems. This study suggests that psychiatric interventions should be taken into consideration in the treatment of patients suffering from tinnitus.
Anxiety ; Depression ; Fatigue ; Hearing ; Humans ; Outpatients ; Suicidal Ideation ; Tinnitus*

This study evaluated the influence of application time of self-etching primers on microtensile bond strength (microTBS) to dentin using three self-etching primer adhesive systems. Dentin surfaces were exposed from forty-eight human molars. They were conditioned with three self-etching primers (Clearfil SE Bond [SE], Unifil Bond [UF], Tyrian SPE + One Step Plus [TY]) and different primining times (10s, 20s, 30s and 40s). Composite resins were bonded to dentin surfaces and specimens were made. microTBS was tested and statistically compared using by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's Test The results of this study presented that priming time for 10s in SE and UF groups and for 30s and 40s in TY group was highly decreased microTBS to dentin.
Adhesives ; Composite Resins ; Dentin* ; Humans ; Molar

BACKGROUND: Clonidine has been regarded as an adequate supplementary anesthetic during epidural anesthesia and has been used with local anesthetics such as bupivacaine or lidocaine to support the effects of these anesthetics. The authors would examine whether clonidine is an adequate supplementary anesthetic when it is used with ropivacaine during epidural anesthesia. METHODS: Thirty-two healthy patients undergoing a hip or lower limb surgery were divided into two groups. In group 1, 0.5% ropivacaine 15 ml was administered. In group 2, 0.5% ropivacaine 15 ml combined with clonidine 150 micro gram was administered. Onset, duration and maximal height of sensory block were assessed. Sedation score, blood pressure and heart rate were measured. RESULTS: Duration of sensory block of group 2 was significantly longer than that of group 1. Sedation score of group 2 was significantly higher than that of group 1. Blood pressure of group 2 was significantly lower than that of group 1 at 50 min, 70 min and 90 min after epidural injection. No significant differences were observed in onset of sensory block and heart rate between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of clonidine to ropivacaine during epidural anesthesia prolonged duration of sensory block and produced useful sedation. It caused relatively stable hemodynamic changes. These results suggest that clonidine is an adequate supplementary anesthetic when it is used with ropivacaine during epidural anesthesia.
Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Anesthetics ; Anesthetics, Local ; Blood Pressure ; Bupivacaine ; Clonidine* ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics ; Hip ; Humans ; Injections, Epidural ; Lidocaine ; Lower Extremity ; Sympathetic Nervous System

BACKGROUND: Although spinal anesthesia has a lot of advantages, it has some disadvantages or undesirable effects. Hypotension and unnecessarily long neural blockade are included among them. Although using small dose local anesthetics fairly solves these problems, it is insufficient to provide reliable surgical anesthesia by itself. Therefore the authors investigated whether such an opioid as fentanyl and a small dose local anesthetic used together during spinal anesthesia can prevent hypotension and unnecessarily long neural blockade and provide reliable surgical anesthesia simultaneously. METHODS: Thirty patients undergoing knee or below knee surgery were randomized into two groups. Group 1 received bupivacaine 5 mg combined with fentanyl 20 micro gram, and group 2 received 10 mg bupivacaine. Hypotension was recorded and was treated with intravenous ephedrine. Sensory blockade, intraoperative analgesia, motor blockade and side effects were assessed. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in values for assessing hypotension, sensory blockade or intraoperative analgesia between the two groups. Also no significant differences were observed in intensity of the motor blockade and side effects between the two groups. However the duration of the motor blockade of group 1 was longer significantly than that of group 2. CONCLUSIONS: Small dose bupivacaine and fentanyl administered together intrathecally reduced duration of motor blockade and didn't augment of side effects and provided reliable anesthesia for surgery of knee or below knee simultaneously.
Analgesia ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Spinal* ; Anesthetics, Local ; Bupivacaine* ; Ephedrine ; Fentanyl ; Humans ; Hypotension ; Knee

BACKGROUND: Clonidine has been regarded as an adequate supplementary anesthetic during epidural anesthesia and has been used with local anesthetics such as bupivacaine or lidocaine to support the effects of these anesthetics. The authors would examine whether clonidine is an adequate supplementary anesthetic when it is used with ropivacaine during epidural anesthesia. METHODS: Thirty-two healthy patients undergoing a hip or lower limb surgery were divided into two groups. In group 1, 0.5% ropivacaine 15 ml was administered. In group 2, 0.5% ropivacaine 15 ml combined with clonidine 150 micro gram was administered. Onset, duration and maximal height of sensory block were assessed. Sedation score, blood pressure and heart rate were measured. RESULTS: Duration of sensory block of group 2 was significantly longer than that of group 1. Sedation score of group 2 was significantly higher than that of group 1. Blood pressure of group 2 was significantly lower than that of group 1 at 50 min, 70 min and 90 min after epidural injection. No significant differences were observed in onset of sensory block and heart rate between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of clonidine to ropivacaine during epidural anesthesia prolonged duration of sensory block and produced useful sedation. It caused relatively stable hemodynamic changes. These results suggest that clonidine is an adequate supplementary anesthetic when it is used with ropivacaine during epidural anesthesia.
Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Anesthetics ; Anesthetics, Local ; Blood Pressure ; Bupivacaine ; Clonidine* ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics ; Hip ; Humans ; Injections, Epidural ; Lidocaine ; Lower Extremity ; Sympathetic Nervous System