BACKGROUND: The aim of study was to confirm the clinical effectiveness and results of wide and single anterior approach for fractures occurring along length of humerus. METHODS: A total of 23 patients with humeral fracture were enrolled into our study who were able to participate in at least one year of follow-up. Seven patients had segmental comminuted humeral fractures and 16 patients had distal humeral fractures. We made various tractions of the muscles to expose the proximal and the middle third humerus between the biceps and brachialis and the distal humerus by partial splitting of lateral side of biceps through a single incision. Postoperatively, we measured the Mayo elbow performance index (MEPI). RESULTS: we achieved bone union in all 23 patients. Solid union of the bone was achieved at an average 13.9 weeks. Postoperatively, two complications were observed screw loosening and nonunion. Revision surgery was performed in both patients. The patient with bone nonunion was treated using bone grafts. No postoperative infections or peripheral neuropathies were observed. At the final follow-up (average 20 months), we found that the average MEPI functional score of the patients was 91.7 points regardless of the fracture site. CONCLUSIONS: Our whole humerus with a single incision was effective for the treatment of segmental comminuted and distal fractures. we believe it is a useful alternative to preexisting methods of fracture fixation.
Elbow ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fracture Fixation* ; Humans ; Humeral Fractures ; Humerus* ; Muscles ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases ; Traction ; Transplants ; Treatment Outcome

PURPOSE: To determine the correlation between intraocular pressure (IOP) and the bottle heights during vitrectomy using TONO-PEN(R)XL applanation tonometer and Icare(R) PRO rebound tonometer. METHODS: Twenty-four eyes of 24 patients who underwent 23-gauge sutureless vitrectomy were evaluated. After complete vitrectomy, the IOP was gradually increased by lifting the irrigation bottle height from the trocar insertion site by 40 cm, 45 cm, 50 cm, and 55 cm. The distance between the floor and patient's eye was consistent in all cases (105.5 cm). Before the removal of 23-gauge microcannulas, IOP was measured five times using each of the two methods, Tono-Pen(R)XL and Icare(R) PRO. RESULTS: The mean IOPs were 8.25 +/- 0.35 mm Hg for TONO-PEN(R)XL and 8.96 +/- 0.32 mm Hg for Icare(R) PRO at 40 cm bottle height. As the bottle height increased, the differences in IOP was also increased, 10.71 +/- 0.37 mm Hg at 45 cm, 14.18 +/- 0.39 mm Hg at 50 cm and 17.93 +/- 0.40 mm Hg at 55 cm for TONO-PEN(R)XL and 11.48 +/- 0.31 mm Hg at 45 cm, 14.64 +/- 0.31 mm Hg at 50 cm and 18.13 +/- 0.38 mm Hg at 55 cm for Icare(R) PRO. In TONO-PEN(R)XL, the linear equation was Y = 0.65 X - 18.108 (R2 = 0.794, p = 0.000) and the quadratic equation was Y = 0.013 X2 - 0.569 X + 10.446 (R2 = 0.801, p = 0.000). In Icare(R) PRO, the linear equation was Y = 0.614 X - 15.842 (R2 = 0.820, p = 0.000) and the quadratic equation was Y = 0.010 X2 - 0.306 X + 5.688 (R2 = 0.825, p = 0.000). The results show correlation of the quadratic equation was stronger than the linear equation in both tonometers. CONCLUSIONS: The differences of IOP were positively correlated with bottle heights in the form of a curve during vitrectomy. Therefore, the patients who are susceptible to retina or optic nerve damage during vitrectomy should be closely monitored.
Humans ; Intraocular Pressure* ; Lifting ; Optic Nerve ; Retina ; Surgical Instruments ; Vitrectomy*

The optical neural recording techniques are promising tools in recent years. Compared to the traditional electrophysiological recording, the optical means offer several advantages including no inclusion of electrical noise, simultaneous imaging of a large number of neurons, or selective recording from genetically-targeted neurons. Overall the optical neural recording technique comprises the intrinsic and the extrinsic optical recordings. The methods for intrinsic neural recording employ the change of optical properties in brains such as blood flow/oxygenation, cellular volume change, or refractive index change without addition of external indicators. Those properties can be detected using various optical techniques including laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer, functional optical coherence tomography (fOCT), and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The extrinsic monitoring techniques use fluorescence signals reflecting neuronal activity via chemical or genetic modification of the neuronal cells. Two most popular activity-dependent fluorescent probes, calcium indicators and voltage-sensitive fluorescent proteins will be examined in this review. The principles, the instrumentations and in vivo applications of those optical signal measurements are described.
Brain ; Calcium ; Fluorescence ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Laser-Doppler Flowmetry ; Neurons ; Noise ; Proteins ; Refractometry ; Surface Plasmon Resonance ; Tomography, Optical Coherence

No abstract available.
Water

Objective: This study aimed to improve the accuracy of PMI estimates in veterinary forensic cases by looking into how different humidity levels affect autolysis in different organs of rats. Methods: The study involved 38 male rats, examining histopathological changes in their heart, liver, and pancreas. These organs were subjected to controlled humidity levels (20%, 55%, and 80%) at a constant 22°C. Tissue samples were collected at several intervals (0 h, 12 h, 24 h, 3 days, and 8 days) for comprehensive analysis. Results: Distinct autolytic characteristics in animal organs emerged under varying humidity conditions. The low-humidity environment rapidly activated autolysis more than the high-humidity environment. In addition, it was found that lower humidity caused nuclear pyknosis, cytoplasmic disintegration, and myofiber interruption. The liver, in particular, showed portal triad aggregation and hepatocyte individuation. The pancreas experienced cell fragmentation and an enlarged intracellular space. High humidity also caused the loss of striations in cardiac tissues, and the liver showed vacuolation. Under these conditions, the pancreas changed eosinophilic secretory granules. Conclusions and Relevance: The study successfully established a clear connection between the autolytic process in PMIs and relative humidity. These findings are significant for developing a more accurate and predictable method for PMI estimation in the field of veterinary forensic science.

PURPOSE: In the present study, we evaluated the learning curve of strabismus surgery performed by a single surgeon. METHODS: We reviewed the data of 62 patients with exodeviation who underwent strabismus surgery and were followed up for at least 3 months between March 2011 and November 2014. Patients were divided into 3 groups classified chronologically and the success rate in each group was investigated. Additionally, the results of exotropia surgery were analyzed using cumulative sum (CUSUM) analysis. We compared 5 m distal angle deviation preoperatively and 3 months after strabismus surgery. RESULTS: The overall surgical success rate of 62 patients was 72.6% (45/62). Success rates were 70% (14/20) in the first group, 71.4% (15/21) in the second group and 76.2% (16/21) in the third group. CUSUM analysis indicated that a surgeon's performance begins to improve at attempt number 11 and cumulative failure chart suggested the surgeon had achieved acceptable level of performance after 44 surgeries. CONCLUSIONS: A novice strabismus surgeon showed performance improvement after 11 cases and achieved acceptable level of performance after 44 strabismus surgeries. Although additional statistical data using more cases is needed, we suggest surgeons should perform at least 50 strabismus surgeries to ensure a high success rate.
Exotropia ; Humans ; Learning Curve* ; Strabismus*

PURPOSE: In the present study, 2 cases of serous retinal detachment in patients diagnosed with proliferative diabetic retinopathy after pars plana vitrectomy are reported. CASE SUMMARY: (Case 1) A 38-year-old female diagnosed with high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy underwent pars plana vitrectomy and cataract surgery due to intravitreal hemorrhage. One day after the operation, fundus photograph and optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed serous retinal detachment. After ensuring that no retinal hole was present based on fundus examination, the patient was diagnosed with serous retinal detachment and antimicrobial and steroid eye drops were applied. After 1 week, subretinal fluid disappeared. (Case 2) A 63-year-old male diagnosed with proliferative diabetic retinopathy underwent pars plana vitrectomy due to right vitreous hemorrhage. On postoperative day 1, focal subretinal fluid under the macula was observed using OCT. Intravitreal triamcinolone injection was performed during surgery and steroid eye drops were applied. Subretinal fluid collection was absorbed 5 days postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Two cases of serous retinal detachment that occurred postoperatively in patients with diabetic retinopathy are reported. Serous retinal detachment was resolved after several days without specific management.
Adult ; Cataract ; Diabetic Retinopathy* ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Retinal Detachment* ; Retinal Perforations ; Retinaldehyde* ; Subretinal Fluid ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Triamcinolone ; Vitrectomy* ; Vitreous Hemorrhage

PURPOSE: To compare the visual outcome after cataract surgery in patients 85 years of age or older with those in other age groups. METHODS: This retrospective study included 313 eyes of 204 patients who underwent cataract surgery from April 2014 to March 2015 at Kangwon National University Hospital and were followed up or 3 months or longer. The patients were divided into groups A (86 eyes of 53 patients between 55 and 69 years of age), B (85 eyes of 53 patients between 70 and 84 years of age), and C (143 eyes of 98 patients 85 years of age or older), and the medical records of the patients were reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS: The postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improved in 95% of group A patients, 87% of group B, and 81% of group C. When compared with the log MAR BCVA before and after surgery, the visual acuity after cataract surgery was improved effectively from 0.40 to 0.06 in group A, from 0.50 to 0.16 in group B, and from 0.75 to 0.31 in group C (p < 0.001). In group C, preoperative and postoperative BCVAs were significantly worse than in other groups (p < 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively) and the ratio of patients with vision improvement and patients with BCVA of 20/40 or better was significantly lower than in the other groups (p = 0.009 and < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The ratio of visual acuity improvement was decreased among the patients over 85 years of age. Pre and postoperative visual acuities in group C were observed worse than in other groups. Additionally, the postoperative visual acuity was low. However, average visual acuity improved in 81% of patients. Therefore, cataract surgery should be strongly recommended for very old patients.
Cataract* ; Gangwon-do ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Retrospective Studies ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: To evaluate the difference between the predicted and actual postoperative refractions after combined vitrectomy and cataract surgeries with a posterior capsulectomy. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of 33 eyes of 33 patients who underwent combined vitrectomy and cataract surgeries in our hospital between March 2013 and May 2014. The patients were divided into 2 groups: those who underwent a posterior capsulectomy (group A) and those who underwent combined vitrectomy and cataract surgeries (group B). The actual refractive errors were analyzed 3 months after surgery using spherical equivalent. We compared the results between the predicted and actual refractive errors in the two groups. RESULTS: Group A consisted of 25 eyes of 25 patients and group B of 8 eyes of 8 patients. In group A, the average difference between predicted and actual postoperative refractive errors was -0.16 +/- 0.38 D (p = 0.083). The predicted refraction was -0.33 +/- 0.46 D and actual refraction was -0.49 +/- 0.55 D in group A. There was no statistically significant difference between the predicted refraction and actual refractive errors in group A (p = 0.083). In group B, the average difference between predicted and actual postoperative refractive errors was 0.27 +/- 0.29 D (p = 0.078). Additionally, the predicted refraction was -0.49 +/- 0.77 D and actual refraction was -0.22 +/- 0.59 D. The difference between the predicted refraction and actual refractive errors in group B was not statistically significant (p = 0.078). CONCLUSIONS: When a posterior capsulectomy is performed during combined vitrectomy and cataract surgery, no significant difference in refractive errors between the predicted refraction and actual refractive errors was observed 3 months after surgery. Compared with combined vitrectomy and cataract surgeries only, a small amount of myopic refractive change tended to occur 3 months after surgery.
Cataract* ; Humans ; Lenses, Intraocular ; Refractive Errors* ; Retrospective Studies ; Vitrectomy*