Objective To investigate the relationship between arsenic in drinking water and skin lesions in endemic arsenism area in Shanyin County of Shanxi Province,in order to provide epidemiologic data for further arsenism research.Methods One hundred and eighty-nine endemic arsenism patients and 59 controls were randomly selected in 17 endemic amenism countries in Shanyin County of Shanxi Province.The content of arsenic in drinking water which wa8 collected indoom was half-quantitatively screened by a kit made by Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,then quantitatively determined by HPLC-ICP-MS.Patients of endemic arsenism were diagnosed by "The Standard of Diagnosis for Endemic Amenism"(WS/T 211-2001).Results There were 64.9% (87/134)samples above the arsenic level(50μg/L)of drinking water and the median value of arsenic in drinking water was 91.43 μg/L in 134 water samples.The OR(95%CI)value between arsenic in drinking water and hyperkeratosis,hyperpigmentation,depigmentation was 2.46(1.22-4.94),3.34(1.50～7.44)and 2.86(1.50-5.46),respectively.The prevalence of hyperkeratosis,hyperpigmentation and depigmentation increased,as the arsenic in drinking water increased(≤10,≤50,≤200,＞200μg/L),especially in＞200μg/L group(OR=6.15,13.96,11.41,P＜0.05).The arsenic level in drinking water of Ⅲ degree of depigmentation patients(318.300μg/L)was higher(P＜0.05)than that of 0,Ⅰ and Ⅱ degree groups(86.670,131.800,1 10.590μg/L,P＜0.05).Conclusions Shanyin County is a medial arsenic pollution area. Arsenic in drinking water is considered as a risk factor of skin lesion. The degree of skin lesions increased,as the arsenic in drinking water increased.

Objective To explore the long-term effect of endemic arsenism on oxidative stress and immune function, and to provide scientific basis for prevention and treatment of the disease in the areas. Methods In 2009, Using cluster sampling and typical investigation, the cross-sectional study was completed. The patient groups and the internal control group were selected in the arsenism areas after 5 years quality improvement of drinking water(Silizhuang village, Daying village and Gucheng village in Shanyin county, Gucheng city, Shanxi province) and they were divided into mild, moderate, severe case and internal control groups, respectively. The external control group was selected in a non-arsenism area(Yangzhuang village in Heshengbu city). The Oxidative stress indicators were determined and analyzed [serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was determined with xanthine oxidase method, glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) activity was determined with 2-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid method, and mmuuity malondisldohyde(MDA) levels was determined with thiobarbituric acid method]. The immune function was determined and analyzed [immunoglobulin G (IgG) was determined with radioimmunoassay method, and serum lysozyme was determined with turbidimetric method]. Results A total of 252 people were surveyed, in which the external control group, the internal control group, mild, moderate and severe patient groups were 56, 57, 49,44 and 46, respectively. Serum SOD activities were (72.19 ± 11.75), (66.96 ± 12.02), (49.79±11.07), (48.54 ±10.56) and (47.68 ± 10.68)kU/L, respectively. The difference of serum SOD activities between the groups was statistically significant(F = 52.42, P ＜ 0.01 ). Serum SOD activities in the external control group were significantly higher than other groups (all P ＜ 0.05). The value in the internal control group was significantly higher than the 3patient groups (all P ＜ 0.05). There were no significant differences between the case groups (P ＞ 0.05). Serum GSH-Px activities of the five groups were (197.41 ± 38.54), (195.02 ± 31.93), (187.26 ± 28.22), (187.24 ± 25.40),(186.88 ± 21.84)U/mg, respectively, and the difference between the groups was not significant(H = 4.21, P ＞0.05). Serum MDA levels of the five groups were (4.51 ± 2.14), (5.88 ± 2.00), (6.44 ± 2.83), (5.89 ± 2.57),(5.88 ± 2.40)μ mol/L, respectively, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant(F = 3.36,P ＜ 0.05). The external control group was significantly lower than other groups(all P ＜ 0.05). No significant difference was observed between other groups(all P ＞ 0.05). Serum IgG levels were(11.16 ± 2.08), (8.15 ± 1.44), (8.77 ±2.54), (9.19 ± 1.97), (8.44 ± 2.52)g/L, respectively, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant(H = 52.92, P ＜ 0.01 ). The external control group was significantly higher than other groups(all P ＜0.05). No significant difference was observed between other groups(all P ＞ 0.05). Serum lysozyme levels were (13.57 ± 5.16), (10.05 ± 3.96), (8.78 ± 3.35), (8.72 ± 3.76), (9.38 ± 4.26)mg/L, respectively, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant (H = 35.00, P ＜ 0.01 ). The external control group was significantly higher than other groups(all P ＜ 0.05). No significant difference was observed between other groups(all P ＞ 0.05). Conclusions The effect of arsenic on the body's oxidative stress response and immune function persists after 5 years of drinking low arsenic water. In addition to intensify arsenic removal from drinking water, it should also strengthen the monitoring of population's health in the diseased areas.

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship between the depression symptoms and occupational stress in occupational populations.

METHODSDepression symptoms were measured by using the center for epidemiological survey-depression scale. The occupational stress instrument were employed to investigate the stressors, personalities, social support, and coping strategies as well as the subject's age, length of service, sex, educational level and marriage status. Chi(2) test was used for analyzing the difference of depression. The multiple covariance analysis was used for testing the difference of stressors, personalities, social support, and coping strategies among the groups with different scores of depression. The variables obtained in the optional prediction equation were identified by multiple stepwise regression analysis.

RESULTSThe incidence rate of definite depression symptoms was 40.2%. The total average score was 21.74 +/- 8.99. Henan province had the highest incidence rate of depression symptoms, 43.8%, Hebei 39.4%, and Beijing the lowest, 23.4%. The male workers had the higher incidence rate of depression symptoms, 43. 0% than female, 35.4% (P < 0.01). The older group had the lower incidence rates of depression symptoms, compared with the younger group (P < 0.01). The workers divorced or with the bereft spouse had the higher incidence rate of depression symptoms than the workers married and unmarried (P < 0.05). The workers with middle school education had the higher incidence rates of depression symptoms than those with master degree. Incidence rates in the most occupational groups were more than 30%. The significant difference was shown between the different jobs (P < 0.01). The difference of the adjusted means among three groups of different depression score were analyzed. The results showed the workers with definite depression symptoms had the higher scores than the other two groups in physical factors, role ambiguity, role conflict, job monotony, mental load, responsibility for persons, job future ambiguity, job hazards, type A behavior and work locus of control, and social support (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The former had the lower scores than the other two groups in the scores of promotion, participation, autonomy, task identity, feedback, friendship opportunity, speed control, training adequacy, challenge, self-esteem, organizational commitment, and coping strategies. Fifteen variables entered the predictive equation of depression score explaining 33.1% of variance.

CONCLUSIONThere are serious mental health problems in the occupational population in our country. Stressors and personalities affect the mental health.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Depression ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Mental Health ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Occupational Diseases ; epidemiology ; Stress, Psychological ; epidemiology

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship between the genetic polymorphism of fibronectin (FN) (4 genetic locus) and pneumoconiosis.

METHODS128 male I-period pneumoconiosis were selected as cases who were examined with radiography and diagnosed by the Pneumoconiosis Diagnosis Expert Panel, based on the Chinese National Diagnosis Criteria of Pneumoconiosis (GBZ 70 - 2002). According to 1:1 paired matching method, 128 dust exposure workers were selected as control who were exposed to same dust as cases. The difference of age and cumulative length of service between case and control was not over five years and two years, respectively. 5 ml peripheral venous blood was drawn and anticoagulated with 2% EDTA. The polymorphisms of FN (MspI, TaqIb, HindIII, HaeIIIb) were detected, using the method of polymerase chain restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) techniques and PCR.

RESULTSThe frequencies of FN Msp I (CC) in cases and control groups were 10.9% and 3.9%, respectively. The difference was significant (P < 0.05). The frequencies of FN (MspI) C allele were 41.8% and 31.2% in case and control, and the difference between cases and controls was significant (P < 0.05). The frequencies of FN HaeIIIb (AA) genotype in cases (24.2%) was higher than that in control groups (17.9%), OR = 5.0 (95% CI: 4.840 approximately 24.210). The frequencies of FN (HaeIIIb) A allele were 51.9% and 42.2% in case and control, and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). The difference of TaqIb and HindIII genotype between cases and controls were not significant (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe risk of suffering from pneumoconiosis increases in workers carrying FN (MspICC or HaeIIIb AA) genotype after exposure to dust. Workers both carrying FN (HaeIIIb AA) and (MspICC) genotypes are more susceptible to pneumoconiosis. The relationship between genetic polymorphism of FN (TaqIIb, HindIII) and pneumoconiosis has not been found.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Fibronectins ; genetics ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genotype ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pneumoconiosis ; genetics ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship between interleukin-6 (IL-6) (-634C/G) genetic polymorphisms and the pneumoconiosis.

METHODSA total of 104 male stage I pneumoconiosis patients diagnosed by the Pneumoconiosis Diagnosis Expert Panel according to the Chinese National Diagnosis Criteria of Pneumoconiosis (GBZ 70 - 2002) were selected. The pneumoconiosis comprised 66 silicosis and 38 coal worker' pneumoconiosis (CWP). A total of 122 workers exposed to same dusts as the patients but without pneumoconiosis including 77 exposed to silica dusts and 45 to coal dusts were selected. The patients and the controls had the same dust exposure history. The peripheral venous blood was drawn from each subject. The IL-6 (-634C/G) genetic polymorphisms were detected by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLP) techniques.

RESULTSThe frequencies of IL-6 (-634C/G) (CC, CG and GG) genotypes were 66.7%, 19.7% and 13.6% in silicosis group, 42.9%, 42.9% and 14.2% in silica dust exposure group, 73.7%, 18.4% and 7.9% in CWP group, 51.1%, 35.6% and 13.3% in coal dust exposure group respectively. The statistical analysis indicated that there was significant difference in the frequencies of IL-6 (-634C/G) (CC, CG and GG) genotypes between silicosis patients and workers exposed to silica dusts (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONIL-6 (-634 C/G) genetic polymorphisms might play a role in the occurrence of silicosis.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Case-Control Studies ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genotype ; Humans ; Interleukin-6 ; genetics ; Male ; Matched-Pair Analysis ; Middle Aged ; Pneumoconiosis ; genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship between the polymorphism of Interleukin-1 and the pneumoconiosis susceptibility.

METHODSEighty patients with silicosis and 45 with coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) were selected while 125 male workers, Han nationality in the same workplace as the patients were selected as the controls. Between the patients and the control, the differences of age and cumulative length of service were less than five years and two years, respectively. The controls were exposed to dusts but did not suffer from pneumoconiosis. Moreover, the patients and the controls were paired by 1:1. DNA was extracted from leucocytes by the hydroxybenzene chloroform method. The polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) techniques and PCR were used to examine polymorphism of IL-1alpha (-889), IL-1beta (-511) and IL-1Ra (+2018) and variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) of IL-1Ra. After the preliminary experiment, the most adaptive PCR reaction, the restriction enzyme digest and electrophoresis system were used.

RESULTSThe difference in IL-1alpha (-889) 1/2 + 2/2 between the pneumoconiosis patients and the controls was significant (P < 0.01). The result of conditional Logistic regression showed that heterozygote and allele 2 of IL-1a (-889) were risk factors of pneumoconiosis. The difference in the genotype frequencies of IL-1beta (-511) 1/2 + 2/2, IL-1Ra (+2018) 1/2 + 2/2 and IL-Ra VNTR1/2 + 2/2 between the patients and the controls were not statistically significant (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONIL-1alpha (-889) gene polymorphism is related to pneumoconiosis. Workers with IL-1alpha (-889) allele 2 are susceptible to the pneumoconiosis. The relationship between IL-1beta (-511), IL-1Ra (+2018), IL-1Ra VNTR genes polymorphisms and pneumoconiosis are not found.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Coal Mining ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Interleukin-1 ; genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pneumoconiosis ; genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational ; Silicosis ; genetics ; Tandem Repeat Sequences ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo explore the level and feature of neonate deformity in water arsenic exposure areas, as to finding out an evidence for the study and prevention of the arsenic exposure.

METHODSThe birth situation of neonate was surveyed from 1998 to 2004 in water arsenic exposure areas according to cross-sectional survey. The results were classified in accordance with ICD-10 and common surveillance of china. The population of Shanyin County served as the common people and the data were analyzed by SPSS 11.5 for windows.

RESULTSThe neonates surveyed were 2467 cases. There were 49 neonates deformity found in this investigation, giving a neonate deformity rate of 198.62 per 10,000 cases, which was shown significantly higher in water arsenic exposure areas than in the normal (U = 3.23, P < 0.01), with types of nervous system deformity, limbs deformity and congenital heart disease as in system classification. There was no significant difference of deformity rate in different sex neonates (chi2 = 0.32, P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe drinking high-arsenic water over a long period of time should be a risk factor of neonate deformity. Prevention and treatment of endemic arsenic exposure should be urgently needed.

Arsenic ; analysis ; Arsenic Poisoning ; complications ; epidemiology ; Congenital Abnormalities ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Environmental Exposure ; analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Water ; analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; analysis ; Water Supply ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship between the polymorphism of HLA-DRB1*, DQB* genes and the susceptibility of pneumoconiosis.

METHODS1:1 case-control study was adopted. one hundred and thirteen cases of I grade pneumoconiosis were investigated. The control group were workers exposed to dust, who were the same sex, nationality, work place, time of beginning exposure and the cumulative exposure ages not over 2 years. PCR-SSP was used to detect 9 alleles in HLA-DRB1*, DQB1*. Information on related factors of pneumoconiosis was collected using a questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were carried out with 1:1 case-control methodology.

RESULTSThe frequency of HLA-DRB1*08 allele in case group was significantly higher than that of the controls (OR: 6.000; 95% CI: 1.9060 - 18.9414). The frequencies of HLA-DRB1*09, HLA-DQB1*06 in case group were significantly lower than those of the controls (OR: 0.259, 0.300; 95% CI: 0.1436 - 0.6268, 0.1149 - 0.5837 respectively). There were significant relationship between HLA-DRB1*08, HLA-DRB1*09, HLA-DQB1*06 alleles and pneumoconiosis after adjusting age, smoking, beginning age of exposure and cumulative length of exposure with multivariate logistic regression analysis (OR: 7.804, 0.225, and 0.269; 95% CI: 2.077 - 29.307, 0.083 - 0.609 and 0.117 - 0.613 respectively. Survival analysis showed that HLA-DQB1*06 allele was a protective factor and HLA-DRB1*08 allele was a risk factor for affecting pneumoconiosis latent period.

CONCLUSIONHLA-DRB1*08 allele may be the susceptible risk gene for pneumoconiosis. HLA-DQB1*06 may be the protective gene against developing pneumoconiosis.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Case-Control Studies ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; HLA-DQ beta-Chains ; genetics ; HLA-DRB1 Chains ; genetics ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Pneumoconiosis ; genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Menstruation ; physiology ; Middle Aged ; Occupational Health ; Stress, Psychological ; epidemiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVETo study the potential effect of gene-environment interaction between glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) and serum organochlorines residues on the risk of breast cancer in women, in China.

METHODS70 newly diagnosed female breast cancer patients and 30 controls from September 2006 to October 2007 were interviewed using the same questionnaire to obtain information regarding exposure to those risks. Organochlorine residues level in serum was measured by gas chromatography (GC). Genotypes of GSTT1 polymorphisms were analyzed by multiplex allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Interaction indexes (gamma) were calculated to determine the type of gene-environment interaction.

RESULTSAfter adjusting the confounding factors, results showed that interaction existed in genetic polymorphisms of GSTT1 and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)/hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) residues, with interaction indexes (gamma) value as 1.352 and 1.528.

CONCLUSIONGenetic and environmental hazard factors had a co-effect on the development of breast cancer while genetic polymorphisms of GSTT1 and DDT/HCH expressed an interaction to breast cancer.

Breast Neoplasms ; blood ; genetics ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Glutathione Transferase ; genetics ; Humans ; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated ; blood ; Lindane ; blood ; Pesticide Residues ; blood ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Risk Factors