BACKGROUND: Sialic acid residues are known to play a key role in the normal function of the glycoconjugates. Recently, with the development of specific sialic acid binding lectins such as Maackia seed agglutinin(MAA) and Sambucus nigra agglutinin(SNA), it has made easier to localize the sialic acid residues by the histochemical staining methods. OBJECTIVES: We were to observe the expression of sialic acids according to the differentiation of cultured human nasal epithelial cells by the immunohistochemistry method using Wheat germ agglutinin(WGA), MAA, and SNA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human nasal epithelial cell culture was done as floating method for the induction of differentiation. The cultured cells were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde and the epon 812 was used as embedding material. The immunohistochemistry was done as Lim's method. RESULTS: The WGA and MAA positive reactions were noted from the floating zero day through the fourteenth day. The reactions were positive to the squamous-like cells and differentiating cells(ciliated and secretory epithelial cells). The WGA binding patterns were homogeneous but MAA binding patterns were inhomogeneous. The SNA positive reaction was noted only in the fourteenth day and the reaction was inhomogeneous. These results meant that N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl neuraminic acid(alpha 2,3) galactose were expressed from the floating zero day and N-acetyl neuraminic acid(alpha 2,6) galactose was expressed from the floating fourteenth day. CONCLUSION: N-acetyl neuraminic acid(alpha 2,3) galactose may be more important to the primary defence of human nasal epithelial cell. Due to the inhomogeneity of the reaction, the further study using Lowicryl K4M will be needed.
Cells, Cultured ; Epithelial Cells* ; Galactose ; Glucosamine ; Glutaral ; Glycoconjugates ; Humans* ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lectins ; Maackia ; N-Acetylneuraminic Acid* ; Sambucus nigra ; Sialic Acids* ; Triticum

This study was conducted in order to observe ultrastructural changes in the expression of sialoglycoconjugates in maxillary sinus mucosa after inoculation of influenza A virus utilizing four different gold-labeled lectins : ckia amurensis (MAA), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), sambucus nigra (SNA), and peanut agglutinin (PNA). A comparison of the affinities of these gold-labeled lectins demonstrated the varying distributions of sialoglycoconjugates in the ciliary layer and the granules in goblet cells. Examination of normal sinus mucosa labeled with four gold-labeled lectins showed the distribution of sialoglycoconjugates to be mainly in the ciliary layer and the granules in goblet cells and restricted to the surface of the cilia, microvilli and the secretory light granules. The application of an influenza A virus infection decreased the labeling intensity of gold-labeled MAA in the cilia and the secretory granules but not of WGA. SNA gold did not label the surface of the cilia and granules in either case. PNA gold particles, however, labeled the cilia and the secretory granules very weakly in normal sinus mucosa, but labeled moderately in cases of influenza A virus infection. These results suggest that the sugar residues of sialoglycoconjugates consist of Neu5Ac(alpha2, 3)Gal, GlcNAc, Neu5Ac. They also suggest that the sugar residues serve as a protecting factor or modulator against influenza A virus infection.
Cilia ; Goblet Cells ; Influenza A virus* ; Influenza, Human* ; Lectins ; Maxillary Sinus ; Microvilli ; Mucous Membrane* ; Peanut Agglutinin ; Rabbits* ; Sambucus nigra ; Secretory Vesicles ; Triticum

Five compounds were separated from Sambucus chinensis and identified as maslinic acid(1), 12alpha, 13-dihydroxyolean-3-oxo-28-oic acid(2), 13-hydroxyolean-3-oxo-28-oic acid (3), 3-oxo oleanolic acid (4), corosolic acid (5). Of them,compound 3 was a new compound, and compounds 1, 2, 4, and 5 were seperated from this plant for the first time.
Oleanolic Acid ; analysis ; Sambucus ; chemistry ; Triterpenes ; analysis

Reports of influenza A virus infections in dogs has received considerable attention from veterinarians, virologists, and epidemiologists. Interaction between influenza viral hemagglutinin and cell oligosaccharides containing sialic acid residues results in infection. Sialic acids have an alpha-2,3-linkage to the penultimate galactose in the avian influenza virus receptor and an alpha-2,6-linkage in the human receptor. To date, there are no detailed data on the tissue distribution or histological features of either type of sialic acid-linked influenza virus receptors in beagle dogs, which are common laboratory animals and pets. We conducted the current study to visualize the in situ tissue distribution of both sialic acid-linked influenza virus receptors in various organs of beagle dogs using Maackia amurensis lectin II and Sambucus nigra agglutinin. Both alpha-2,3- and alpha-2,6-sialic acid-linked receptors were detected in the endothelial cells of the respiratory tract and other organs. Endothelial cells of most gastrointestinal organs were negative for alpha-2,3-sialic acid-linked receptors in the dogs. Our results suggested that these canine organs may be affected by influenza virus infection. The findings from our study will also help evaluate the occurrence and development of influenza virus infections in dogs.
Animals ; Dog Diseases/metabolism ; Dogs/metabolism/*virology ; Female ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/*metabolism ; Maackia/chemistry ; Male ; N-Acetylneuraminic Acid/metabolism ; Organ Specificity ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/metabolism/transmission/veterinary ; Plant Lectins/metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/analysis/chemistry/metabolism ; Receptors, Virus/analysis/chemistry/*metabolism ; Sambucus nigra/chemistry

HPLC was used to determine the content of ursolic acid of Sambucus adnata from different origins. The content of ursolic acid range between 1.14 to 5.7 microg, r = 0.999 8, the recovery range from 99.8% to 101.3%. The method is quick, sensitive and repeatable for determination of the content of ursolic acid of S. adnata.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Sambucus ; chemistry ; Triterpenes ; analysis

The present study was carried out in order to observe the changes in the expression of the sialoglycoconjugates of the rabbit sinus mucosa after inoculation of influenza A virus utilizing a biotin labeled lectins for light microscopy with four different lectins; Maackia amurensis(MAA), Wheat germ agglutinin(WGA), Sambucus nigra(SNA), and Peanut(PNA). A comparison of the affinity of these lectins demonstrated the different distribution of sialoglycoconjugates in the ciliary layer and goblet cells. The normal sinus mucosa stained with four types of lectins showed that the sialoglycoconjugates were mainly distributed in the ciliary layer and goblet cells. Moreover, the main sugar residues of the sialoglycoconjugates were figured out to be consisted of Neu5Ac(alpha2,3)Gal, GlcNAc and Neu5Ac. Influenza A virus infection decreased the staining intensity of the mucosa with MAA, but not with WGA. The staining intensity of PNA, however, was highly increased in the viral infected mucosa. These results suggest that Neu5Ac(alpha2,3)Gal sugar residues may be required as protecting factor or modulator for Influenza A virus infectivity.
Biotin ; Goblet Cells ; Influenza A virus* ; Influenza, Human* ; Lectins ; Maackia ; Maxillary Sinus* ; Microscopy ; Mucous Membrane* ; Sambucus ; Triticum

The present study aims to investigate the lignan constituents from Sambucus williamsii and their proliferation effects on osteoblast-like UMR106 cells. Seven compounds were isolated and purified by macroporous resin D101, silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, Toyopearl HW-40, ODS column chromatographies and Preparative HPLC(C-18). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods as threo-guaiacylglycerol-beta-0-4'-conifery ether (1), lirioresinol A (2), 1-hydroxypinoresinol (3), 5-methoxybalanophonin (4), balanophonin (5), 5-methoxy-trans-dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (6), and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (7). Compounds 3-7 were obtained from this genus for the first time. The proliferation effects of all isolated compounds on osteoblast-like UMR106 cells were determined. Compounds 1-7 (1 x 10(-12)-1 x 10(-7) mol x L(-1)) increased UMR106 cell proliferation to some extent.
Cell Line ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Lignans ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Osteoblasts ; cytology ; drug effects ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; Sambucus ; chemistry

Sambucus sieboldiana (SS) is a member of the family Caprifoliaceae and has been recommended as a functional material because of its several bioactivities. Although numerous literatures are available on the pharmacological and biological activities, the biological activity of SS in bone regeneration process has not yet been well-defined. Therefore, in this study, the effect of SS was investigated in the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cell line. The treatment of SS did not significantly affect the cell proliferation in MC3T3-E1 cells. SS significantly accelerated the mineralization and significantly increased the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OC) mRNAs, compared to the control, in the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. SS significantly accelerated the decrease of osteonectin (ON) mRNA expression as compared with the control in a time-dependent manner in the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. These results suggest that the SS facilitate the osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. Therefore, there may be potential properties for development and clinical application of bone regeneration materials.
Alkaline Phosphatase ; Bone Regeneration ; Caprifoliaceae ; Cell Line ; Cell Proliferation ; Extracellular Matrix* ; Humans ; Osteoblasts* ; Osteocalcin ; Osteogenesis ; Osteonectin ; RNA, Messenger ; Sambucus*

The progress in research on the active ingredients of Sambucus Chinensis and pharmacological activities was reviewed. It is important to study the chemical constituents and phamacological activities of Sambucus chinensis.
Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; pharmacology ; Antioxidants ; pharmacology ; Antiviral Agents ; pharmacology ; Flavones ; isolation & purification ; Glycosides ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Lignans ; isolation & purification ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Sambucus ; chemistry

Inflammation is the crucial biological process of immune system which acts as body's defense and protective response against the injuries or infection. However, the systemic inflammation devotes the adverse effects such as multiple inflammation associated diseases. One of the best ways to treat this entity is by blocking the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) to avoid the proinflammation cytokines production. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the potency of Sambucus bioactive compounds as anti-inflammation through in silico approach. In order to assess that, molecular docking was performed to evaluate the interaction properties between the TNF-α or TRAIL with the ligands. The 2D structure of ligands were retrieved online via PubChem and the 3D protein modeling was done by using SWISS Model. The prediction results of the study showed that caffeic acid (−6.4 kcal/mol) and homovanillic acid (−6.6 kcal/mol) have the greatest binding affinity against the TNF-α and TRAIL respectively. This evidence suggests that caffeic acid and homovanillic acid may potent as anti-inflammatory agent against the inflammation associated diseases. Finally, this study needs further examination and evaluation to validate the potency of Sambucus bioactive compounds.
Biological Processes ; Computational Biology ; Computer Simulation ; Cytokines ; Homovanillic Acid ; Immune System ; Inflammation ; Ligands ; Plants ; Sambucus ; TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha