No abstract available.
Animals ; Knee Joint* ; Knee* ; Rats* ; Tretinoin*

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this survey is to introduce the recent adolescent sexuality, such as the level of sexual knowledge of adolescent, their actual state for the attitudes and behaviors toward sex, and in Korea in comparison with the past and to seek the answers to the improvement of the teproductive health statos of the adolescents. METHOD: The total number of 11,433 girls was drawn fiom middle and high schools girls in Seoul, Pusan, Incheon, Kwangju, Taegu, Taejeon and Ansan. Among them, the number of 82 girls was drawn fiom factory workers in Ansan. For the data collection, the survey was conducted during the period fiom Feb 15, 1994 to May 23, 1995 by using prepared questionaire. RESULT: Of those who respond to this study, 37.6% had sexual problems, which was that of acquaintance of the opposite sex(44.7%), menstruation(33.1%), and sexual maturity(13.1%). Among them, only 5.5% had a feeling of satisfaction about sex education. In regard to the attitude toward the friendly relationsbip with the oppasite sex, the approval rate respondents was 80.4%. Many respondents felt chastity and a virtue, but only 60.1% answered that pemarital chastity should be kept. For the each age group, age at sexual intercourse is revealed that among the respondents about 31.5% are experienced sexual intercourse for under 14 yearss old group, 25.3% for 15 years old, 26.3% for 16 years old, 12.6% for 17 years old, 3.3% for 18 years old, 1.0% for 19 years old. The major information source of knowledge source was school(38.4%), mass-media such as TV/radio(22.6%), book and magazine(19.9%), friends(16.2%), and parents (1.5%). CONCLUSION: In order to cope with the problems of adolescent sexuality, a drastic and strong policy measures should be taken by the government. At the same time, the public should be aware of the urgency of adolescent sexual problems. The most effective countermeasures appear to be education. Sexual education is necessary for the youth that they should bave an adequate sexual knowledge, attitudes and behaviors in their adolescent period.
Adolescent* ; Busan ; Coitus ; Daegu ; Daejeon ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Education ; Female ; Gwangju ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Incheon ; Korea ; Parents ; Seoul ; Sex Education ; Sexuality* ; Virtues ; Young Adult

No abstract available.
Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Parenteral Nutrition, Total* ; Sepsis*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: N-cadherin is known to be expressed in neuroectodermal tissue such as central nervous system and various mesodermal origin tissues such as kidney and heart. We investigated N-cadherin expression in the endocardial cushion in developing rat heart by immunohistochemical method. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Fetal rat hearts at the 11th, 13th, 15th, 17th, and 19th day of gestation and the 1st day neonatal rat heart were used. Hematoxylin and eosin stain was performed for normal cardiogenesis, and immunohistochemistry was performed for the expression of N-cadherin in interventricular septum(IVS) during cardiogenesis in rat. RESULTS: Ventricular wall and membranous part of the IVS showed positive reaction with anti-N-cadherin at the 11th day of gestation. Membranous part of IVS was begun to show tracely positive reaction at the 15th day of gestation, and thereafter the immunoreactivity was increased with maturation. At the 17th day of gestation mesenchymal cells in membranous muscular part of the IVS showed positive reaction. The similar immunoreactivity of membranous and muscular parts of IVS were shown at the 19th day of gestation. CONCLUSION: As the immunoreaction of mesenchymal cells in the membraneous part of IVS to anti-N-cadherin was increased with time, it is suggested that mesenchymal cells in membranous part of IVS were differentiated into the cardiomyocytes.
Animals ; Cadherins* ; Central Nervous System ; Endocardial Cushions ; Eosine Yellowish-(YS) ; Heart* ; Hematoxylin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Kidney ; Mesoderm ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; Neural Plate ; Pregnancy ; Rats*

BACKGROUND: External ventricular drainage (EVD) is an important procedure for draining excessive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and monitoring intracranial pressure. Generally, EVD is performed in the operating room (OR) under aseptic conditions. However, in emergency circumstances, the operation may be performed in the intensive care unit (ICU) to save neuro-critical time and to avoid the unnecessary transfer of patients. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the risk of EVD-induced CNS infections and their outcomes according to the operating place (ICU versus OR). In addition, we compared mortalities as well as hospital and ICU days between the CNS infection and non-CNS infection groups. METHODS: We reviewed medical records, laboratory data and radiographic images of patients who had received EVD operations between January, 2013 and March, 2015. RESULTS: A total of 75 patients (45 men and 30 women, mean age: 58.7 +/- 15.6 years) were enrolled in this study. An average of 1.4 catheters were used for each patient and the mean period of the indwelling catheter was 7.5 +/- 5.0 days. Twenty-six patients were included in the ICU group, and EVD-induced CNS infection had occurred in 3 (11.5%) patients. For the OR group, forty-nine patients were included and EVD-induced CNS infection had occurred in 7 (14.3%) patients. The EVD-induced CNS infection of the ICU group did not increase above that of the OR group. The ICU days and mortality rate were higher in the CNS infection group compared to the non-CNS infection group. The period of the indwelling EVD catheter and the number of inserted EVD catheters were both higher in the CNS infection group. CONCLUSIONS: If the aseptic protocols and barrier precautions are strictly kept, EVD in the ICU does not have a higher risk of CNS infections compared to the OR. In addition, EVD in the ICU can decrease the hospital and ICU days by saving neuro-critical time and avoiding the unnecessary transfer of patients. Therefore, when neurosurgeons decide upon the operating place for EVD, they should consider the benefits of ICU operation and be cautious of EVD-induced CNS infection.
Catheter-Related Infections ; Catheters ; Catheters, Indwelling ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Drainage* ; Emergencies ; Female ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units* ; Critical Care* ; Intracranial Pressure ; Male ; Medical Records ; Mortality ; Operating Rooms* ; Retrospective Studies ; Ventriculostomy

No abstract available.
Mitral Valve Insufficiency*

We evaluated the renal function could be estimated by the visual analysis of the perfusion images of Tc-99m DTPA renal scan. Renal scan, creatinine clearance(CCr) and serum creatinine(s-Cr) were obtained in 105 patients. Intensity of renal activity(RA) at 6 sec perfusion image after the first visualization of abdominal aortic activity(A or A) was considered as the parameter for estimating renal function. Intensity of RA was scored from grade(Gr.) 1 to 3(Gr. 1: RAsplenic activity(SA), Gr. 2: RA A or A, Gr. 3: RA60 mL/min. The P.P.V. of Gr. 2 RA was 92% for s-Cr from 1.5 to less than 3.5mg/dL and 83% for CCr value from 20 to less than 60mL/min. The P.P.V. of Gr. 3 RA was 95% for s-Cr3.5mg/dL and 95% for CCr<20mL/min. As the intensity of RA of perfusion images decreased, renal function more decreased. We could detect renal dysfunction by visual analysis of perfusion images of renal scan.
Creatinine ; Humans ; Pentetic Acid* ; Perfusion*

Carcinoid is a tumor that primarily affects the intestinal tract, which arises from entero-chromaffin cells. Rectal carcinoid tumor is a relatively rare neoplasm originated in Kul-chitszky cell and clinicians have the difficulties in predicting their malignant potential and in proper treatment. These cells are found to increase in the distal small intestine, are common in the appendix, and then decrease within the mucosa of the colon from cecum to rectum. In the cumulative world literature, the incidence of carcinoids of rectum is slightly higher than 10 percent. All of these tumors are within reach of the rigid procto-sigmoidoscope, most being located between 4 and 13 cm from the anal verge. Eighty five percent are found on the anterior and lateral walls. The tumors are usually submucosal and light yellowish or reddish color. The vast majority of rectal carcinoid tumors are be-nign, which can be treated by local excision safely. Lesions larger than 2 cm and invading the muscular wall of the rectum should be considered malignant, which are treated by more radical surgery such as abdominoperitoneal resection. We experienced a case of rectal carcinoid tumor, which was excised by endoscopic polypectomy, so we present this case with a review of relevant literatures.
Appendix ; Carcinoid Tumor* ; Cecum ; Colon ; Incidence ; Intestine, Small ; Mucous Membrane ; Rectum

No abstract available.

Protamine sulfate, a strong polycationic polypeptide, combined with acidic heparin to form a neutral salt, eliminates the anticoagulating properties of heparin. Heparin reversal with protamine after cardiopulmonary bypass may complicate with adverse hemodynamic effects including systemic hypotension, decreased cardiac output, changes in systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances, anaphylaxis and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. We recently observed a case of severe pulmonary vasoconstriction with right ventricular failure after protamine administration in 37-year-old woman with mitral stenosis who underwent mitral valvuloplasty. After uneventful termination of cardiopulmonary bypass, administration of protamine was associated with sudden elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure with profound right ventricular distension and systemic hypotension by which heparin-protamine reaction is suspected. After intravenous epinephrine infusion and cardiac massage, these changes were reversed. Although the mechanism of this protamine-heparin induced response is unclear, complement activation and thromboxane release may play a role in the development of pulmonary vasoconstriction.
Adult ; Anaphylaxis ; Arterial Pressure ; Cardiac Output ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; Complement Activation ; Epinephrine ; Female ; Heart Massage ; Heart* ; Hemodynamics ; Heparin* ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pulmonary* ; Hypotension ; Mitral Valve Stenosis ; Protamines ; Pulmonary Edema ; Thoracic Surgery* ; Vasoconstriction