The status of health administration and medicare insurance program of 58 universities and colleges of 4-year course was studied in 1971 and the following results were obtained; 1. The average number of students of 20 universities was 4,800+/-2,600 and that of 36 colleges was 780+/-620. 2. The types of health service facilities for the students varied widely according to the institutions, from an elaborate one, university health center, to a poor one first aid room. 3. Thirty-six out of 58 institutions had some sort of health service facilities, either health center or health service room. And 14 out of 36 institutions had elaborate health service facilities such as university health center or student health center. 4. The number of full time staff of the health center and that of the health service room were 2 to more than 10 and 0 to 3 respectively. 5. The range of student health service fee varied widely according to the institutions from won50 to won550 per student, per semester. The average cost of student health service fee at the institutions with health centers was won300+/-150 and that with health service rooms was won200+/-150 per student, per semester. 6. Utility rate of the student health service facilities at the institutions with health centers and with health service rooms were 1,200 to 1,400 and 3,900 to 4,100 per 1,000 students per year. 7. There was an obvious increasing tendency of tuberculosis prevalence rate in the students. 8. The institutions which had appointed hospitals for student medicare were 24 ; where the reduction rate of medical expenses for students varied from 10 to 50 percent. 9. Students medicare insurance program was adopted by six universities which accommodated more than 2,000 students. 10. The range of student medicare insurance fee varied widely according to the institutions from won140 to won800 per student per year. Each of the six universities which had adopted the insurance program had each own's special regulations to apply for pay claims.
Fees and Charges ; First Aid ; Health Services ; Humans ; Insurance* ; Korea* ; Medicare* ; Prevalence ; Social Control, Formal ; Student Health Services ; Tuberculosis

The status of health administration and medicare insurance program of 58 universities and colleges of 4-year course was studied in 1971 and the following results were obtained; 1. The average number of students of 20 universities was 4,800+/-2,600 and that of 36 colleges was 780+/-620. 2. The types of health service facilities for the students varied widely according to the institutions, from an elaborate one, university health center, to a poor one first aid room. 3. Thirty-six out of 58 institutions had some sort of health service facilities, either health center or health service room. And 14 out of 36 institutions had elaborate health service facilities such as university health center or student health center. 4. The number of full time staff of the health center and that of the health service room were 2 to more than 10 and 0 to 3 respectively. 5. The range of student health service fee varied widely according to the institutions from won50 to won550 per student, per semester. The average cost of student health service fee at the institutions with health centers was won300+/-150 and that with health service rooms was won200+/-150 per student, per semester. 6. Utility rate of the student health service facilities at the institutions with health centers and with health service rooms were 1,200 to 1,400 and 3,900 to 4,100 per 1,000 students per year. 7. There was an obvious increasing tendency of tuberculosis prevalence rate in the students. 8. The institutions which had appointed hospitals for student medicare were 24 ; where the reduction rate of medical expenses for students varied from 10 to 50 percent. 9. Students medicare insurance program was adopted by six universities which accommodated more than 2,000 students. 10. The range of student medicare insurance fee varied widely according to the institutions from won140 to won800 per student per year. Each of the six universities which had adopted the insurance program had each own's special regulations to apply for pay claims.
Fees and Charges ; First Aid ; Health Services ; Humans ; Insurance* ; Korea* ; Medicare* ; Prevalence ; Social Control, Formal ; Student Health Services ; Tuberculosis

No abstract available.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Induction Chemotherapy*

OBJECTIVE: Sixteen cases of blunt diaphragmatic injury were clinically reviewed during 10 years from Oct.1987 to Jun.1996 at the Kangdong sacred heart hospital. The age and sex distribution were ranged from 3 to 67-old-years. The most common age range was between third decades to fifth decades in 10 cases(62.50%) and occurred predominantly in male, the sex ratio was 4.3 : 1.(M:F 4.3:1) The modes of blunt diaphragmatic injury were due to motor vehicle accidents(MVA), motor cycle accidents(MCA), fall down(FD) and others. Most common injuries were responsible for MVA. MVA were pedestrian traffic accidents 5 cases (41.7%), driver 4 cases(33.3%) passenger 3 cases(25.0%). In the blunt diaphragmatic injury sites, the left-sided diaphragmatic injury had predominant[left-sided cases 10(62.50%), right-sided cases 6(37.50%)]. Cost common symptoms and signs were chest pain or chest discomfort(81.25%) and dyspnea(68.75%), abdominal tenderness(50.00%), decreased bowel sound and breath sound(50.00%) and others. All of 16 cases in blunt diaphragmatic injury were associated with other injuries. The associated injuries were hemopneumothorax 14(87.50%), hemoperitoneum 7(43.759o), liver injury 7(43.75%), orthopedics fracture 14(87.50%), head injury 5(31.25%) and others. The diagnostic methods were used with simple x-ray, ultrasonogram and computed tomogram. The preoperative diagnosis of blunt diaphragmatic injury were suggested in 10 cases(62.509o) and others were confirmed during operation. The thirteen cases of all of sixteen cases were performed emergency operation within eight hours. The herniated intraabdominal organs through ruptured diaphragm were presented in 10cases(62.5%) [stomach 7 cases(43.75%), spleen 6 cases(37.50%), colon 3 cases(18.75%), liver 3 cases(18.75%), small bowel and omentum 2 cases(12.50%), respectively]. The mean size of blunt diaphragmatic injury were 7.7cm, right-sided mean size were 9cm, left-sided mean size were 6.9cm. The most common site of blunt diaphragm- atic injury were presented in anteromedial site 7 cases(43.75%). Simple chest x-ray revealed abnormal finding [hemothorax 10cases(62.50%), pneumothorax 4cases(25.00%), herniated organ into thorax8 cases(50.00%), diaphragm elevation 3 cases(18.75%) and others]. The postoperative complication were associated in 10 cases(62.50%) out of 16 cases. Common complications were pleural effusion 6 cases(37.50%) and atelectasis 3 cases(18.75%). Injury severity score(ISS) value of 16 cases in the blunt trauma ranged from 10 to 59. It was presented with mean value of ISS(35.5),mean value of ISS survivors(35) and nonsurvivors(55.5). Revised trauma score(RTS) value ranged also from 4 to 12. There were revealed with mean value of RTS(9.7),mean value of RTS survivors(10) and nonsurvivors(6.5). All of the blunt traumatic injury, mortality rate was related to the values of ISS and RTS.
Accidents, Traffic ; Chest Pain ; Colon ; Craniocerebral Trauma ; Diagnosis ; Diaphragm ; Emergencies ; Heart ; Hemoperitoneum ; Hemopneumothorax ; Humans ; Liver ; Male ; Mortality ; Motor Vehicles ; Omentum ; Orthopedics ; Pleural Effusion ; Pneumothorax ; Postoperative Complications ; Pulmonary Atelectasis ; Sex Distribution ; Sex Ratio ; Spleen ; Thorax ; Ultrasonography

Cortex mori (Morus alba L.: Sangbaikpi), the root bark of mulberry tree, has been used as an antiphlogistic, diuretic, and expectorant in herbal medicine. Previous studies have demonstrated that the phenolic extract of Cortex mori have hypotensive, hypoglycemic, antifungal, antiviral, antiinflammatory, and anticancer effects, and the hot water extract from Cortex mori has inhibitory effects on compound 48/80- induced mast cell degranulation and histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMCs). This study was perforrned to investigate the effects of polysaccharide fraction from Cortex mori (PFCM) on compound 48/80-induced degranulation, histamine release, calcium influx, changes of intracellular cAMP and cGMP level, and morphological changes of RPMCs. The results were summarized as follows. 1) Compound 48/80-induced cytomorphological changes such as swelling, degranulation, intracellular vacuoles, and interrupted cell boundary were significantly inhibited by pretreatment with either hot water or polysaccaride fractions frorn Cortex mori (PFCM), 2) the compound 48/80-induced histamine release from RPMCs pretreated with PFCM was significantly inhibited, compared to that of control without PFCM pretreatment, 3) the PFCM inhibited remarkably the compound 48/80-induced calcium influx into the RPMCs, 4) the PFCM increased significantly the intracellular cAMP levels and decreased the intracellular cGMP levels of RPMCs, compared to those of normal control, and 5) the compound 48/80-induced cAMP levels of RPMCs pretreated with PFCM were significantly increased, compared to those of positive control without PFCM, and the compound 48/80-induced cGMP levels of RPMCs pretreated with PFCM were remarkably decreased, compared to those of positive control without PFCM. From the above results, it is suggested that PFCM have an activity to inhibit the compound 48/80-induced mast cell activation.
Animals ; Calcium ; Herbal Medicine ; Histamine Release ; Mast Cells* ; Morus ; Phenol ; Rats ; Trees ; Vacuoles ; Water

Palisaded, encapsulated neuroma is characterized clinically by a solitary, slowly-growing and dome-shaped papule or nodule, usually accompanied by telangiectasia on the surface, and histopathologically by an encapsulated nodule in the dermis and the palisading arrangement of nuclei. A 57-year-old female patient presented with a 1cm-sized, solitary nodule on the right ala nasi which had been present for about 5 years. The nodule had a tendency to slow growth and it became a polypoid nodule. Telangiectasia was shown on the surface of the lesion. Histopathlogical findings showed a well-defined and encapsulated nodule in the dermis, composed of spindle cells with basophilic and plump nuclei in a palisading fashion. On immunohistochemical staining, the tumor cells of the nodule were positive for S-100 protein, while the capsule of the nodule was negative for S-100 protein. Epithelial membrane antigens were focally positive only on the capsule of the nodule. We report herein a case of palisaded, encapsulated neuroma, one case of which has been reported in Korea.
Basophils ; Dermis ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Middle Aged ; Mucin-1 ; Neuroma* ; S100 Proteins ; Telangiectasis

Intracerebral hemorrhage secondary to vitamin K deficiency is presented in three newborn infants: 4 days, 28 days and 21 days of age respectively. After the administration of vitamin K(5-10 mg) either intravenously or intramusculary, prolonged prothrombin time(PT) and partial thromboplastin time(PTT) were corrected promptly. Vitamin K dependent coagulation factor deficiency due to vitamin K deficiency is accounted for the pathogenesis of hemorrhage. The possible causes of vitamin K deficiency, diagnostic methods and treatment of this disease entity are reviewed. Neurosurgeons as well as pediatricians should remain alert for the development of intracerebral hemorrhage caused by vitamin K deficiency in neonatal period.
Blood Coagulation Factors ; Cerebral Hemorrhage* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Partial Thromboplastin Time ; Prothrombin ; Prothrombin Time ; Thromboplastin ; Vitamin K Deficiency* ; Vitamin K* ; Vitamins*

The effect of nicardipine was investigated on hypertension due to raised intracranial pressure, pressor response of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists in the dissected thoracic aorta. Intracerebroventricular(icv) and intravenous(iv) nicardipine produced dose-dependent depressor response and bradycardiac effect, especially marked response was observed following iv injection. The pressor response to raised intracranial pressures was potentiated following iv injection of 50 microgram/kg nicardipine but was markedly inhibited following iv 100 microgram/kg injection, and was not affected following icv 50 microgram/kg administration but was markedly inhibited following icv administration of 100-200 microgram/kg nicardipine. The nicardipine inhibited contractile effect of KCI 35 mM in a dose-dependent fashion but did not affect that of Ne and ME. These data suggest that nicardipine caused hypotensive effect by blocking calcium influx in the peripheral vessels and that direct effect of nicardipine on central nervous system involves the hypotensive action. Conclusively, the inhibitory effect of nicardipine on the pressor response to the intracranial pressure elevation may be induced by these two mechanisms.
Aorta, Thoracic ; Calcium ; Central Nervous System ; Hypertension ; Intracranial Pressure* ; Nicardipine*

For the morphological analysis of DMBA (9,10-diemethyl-1,2-benzanthracene) induced tumor, thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were received 0.1 ml of a 2% paraffin solution of DMBA into the knee joint cavity, which was repeated three times at an interval of 4 weeks. The induced tumor masses were removed at the 12th week after the first injection. Histological and histochemical examinations (H & E, PAS, alcian blue, Van Gieson, prussian blue, reticulin, PTAH stain) and enzyme histochemical examinations (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase) were performed. The results were as follows: 1) By the 12th week after the first injection of DMBA, the tumor incidence rate was 20 percent. 2) On histological and histochemical examination, most of the induced tumor disclosed the features of the fibrous histiocytoma originating from mesenchymal cells, and the remains sweat gland adenoma and adenocarcinoma originating from epithelial cells. 3) On enzyme histochemical examination, most of the mesenchymal cell-derived tumor cells showed positive reactions for acid phosphatase and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase, which were similar characteristic features of enzyme stains as shown in the component cells of fibrous histiocytoma.
Rats ; Animals ; Incidence ; Adenocarcinoma ; Adenoma

No abstract available.
Animals ; Dermatitis, Contact* ; Mice*