As many new drug substances contained various aromatic rings and fluorine attached to an electron rich aromatic ring or on the meta-position, a strategy towards improvement in aromatic fluorination of these compounds is highly desirable. The introduction of fluorine-18 onto aromatic rings showed in the limited condition containing electron withdrawing group (EWG) on the para- or ortho-position to get reasonable radiochemical yield so far. No-carrier added (NCA) [18F]fluoroarene syntheses by iodonium salts recently reported that has the potential to greatly increase the yield in systems or positions that normally not reactive enough to give sufficient yields in simple model reaction. This review describes the methodological approach towards effective aromatic fluorination by diaryliodonium salts and future prospects in an application of novel PET radiotracer.
Electrons ; Fluorine ; Halogenation ; Salts

Study was performed on the preparation of taurine and some taurate salts in the bile of cow/ox from vissan but chery firm. Average weight of bile adder get 80 g for each. From ethamlanin and die thylcarbonate, 2- oxzolidinon was prepared, after the heating with hydrogene sulphide, taurine was obtained with a productivity of 67,15%. The investigation and extraction of taurine in laboratory scale gave a productivity of 64,5%. From taurine, calcium taurate was prepared at a productivity of 90% and magnesium taurate- 83,5%
Taurine ; Salts ; Pharmaceutical Preparations

No abstract available.
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital* ; Salts*

Perform research synthetic glucosamine hydrochloride (Glu-1) and anti-inflammatory activity of Glu-1 on test mouse. Evaluate effect of inhibit beriberi inflame acute, effect of inhibit increase degree of imbibe artery hang bowel, inhibit development of experimental chronic inflame and effect of relieve writhe pain of Glu-1. Result: synthesized Glu-1 and determined structure by modern, high degree of accuracy method. Glu-1 showed significant anti-inflammatory ability compared with diclofenac, which is being used in the same experimental conditions.
Glucosamine ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; Salts

Bile Acids and Salts ; Humans ; Liver

Gallstones form as the culmination of a complex series of events that results in precipitation of insoluble substances including cholesterol or bilirubin in the gallbladder. Bile formation is essential for lipid digestion and the removal of excess cholesterol from the body either by direct excretion or after conversion to bile acids. Gallstones occur when insoluble lipids and inorganic salts secreted by the liver cannot be solubilized as they normally are in bile by the detergent properties of bile salts. For this to occur, metabolic events must take place to produce bile that contains excess amounts of either cholesterol or bilirubin (supersaturation), both of which are relatively insoluble in aqueous solution. Additionally, physical factors must allow rapid nucleation within the residence time of bile in the biliary tree.
Bile ; Bile Acids and Salts ; Bilirubin ; Cholesterol ; Detergents ; Digestion ; Gallbladder ; Gallstones ; Hypogonadism ; Liver ; Mitochondrial Diseases ; Ophthalmoplegia ; Salts

Idod (Immediate Dissolved Oxygen Demand) is a value of the oxygen demand after 15 minute of inoculation by inorganic reducing salts. Industrial development and urban enlargement are bringing water pollution deeply, and industrial waste waters are the source of the inorganic reducing salts. Author investigated the IDOD value change according to the inorganic salts and gained the following results: 1. IDOD value influenced by Na2SO3 is 81.4 ppm. 2. Generally sulfur compounds are highly effecting on IDOD. 3. The nitrite salt had little influence on IDOD.
Industrial Waste ; Oxygen ; Salts* ; Sulfur Compounds ; Water Pollution

A mating study was performed by crossing 333 isolates of Trichophyton mentugrophytes with+and tester strains of Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii, A. benhamiae and A. simit from January 1980 to December 1983 Three hundred and thiirteen were compatible with A. vanbreuseghemri consisting of 167 of+type and 146 of type and twenty were indeterminate. The cleistothecia formed by crossing the isolates with tester strains of A. vanbreaseghemii were fewer in number and smaller in size than those of tester strains. The sexual dogeneration was observed in all of the isolates compared with tester strains. The colonial morphological features of the isolates of T. mentagrophytes were observed as 24p isolates of the granulosum-asteroides form, 66 of the powdery form and 7 of the downy form on 1/10 Sabouraud agar with salts in culture. The mat- ing type showed the higher type in the granulosumasteroides forrn and + type in the powdery and downy forms. The + type increased from 1981 to 1983, and the type showed a marked increase in 1983. The + type was predominant in tinea pedis et unguim and tinea cruris, and type in tinea faciale and tinea manuurn. The + type showed nearly equal incidence in the spring, winter and summer, and the lowest in the autumn, compared to the highest in the winter and the lowest in the summer in the type.
Agar ; Arthrodermataceae ; Incidence ; Salts ; Tinea ; Tinea Pedis ; Trichophyton*

Urinary citric acid reduces urinary saturation of calcium oxalate and phosphate salts by forming complexes with calcium and retards crystallization of stone forming salts. Hypocitraturia, important factor in stone formation, has been 19-63% of stone patients in various reports. We measured the 24 hour excretion of citric acid. calcium and calcium/citric acid ratio in 100 renal stone patients and 30 healthy controls. The results were as follows: 1. The 24-hour urinary excretion of citric acid was lower in stone patients than in controls, but statistically insignificant (P>0.05). 2. The 24-trour urinary excretion of calcium was higher in stone patients significantly than in Controls (P<0.05). 3. In stone patients, hypocitraturia showed in 19 patients (19%), hypercalciuria in 22 patients (22%). 4. The 24-hour urinary excretion of citric acid had positive correlation with 24-hour urinary excretion of calcium in stone patients (P<0.05) 5. Urinary calcium/citric acid ratio was significantly higher in stone patients than in controls (P<0.05). As results, urinary calcium/citric acid ratio was more significant than the amount of citric acid in stone patients, furthermore it seems to be a useful measure for stone formation and recurrence.
Calcium ; Calcium Oxalate ; Citric Acid* ; Crystallization ; Humans ; Hypercalciuria ; Recurrence ; Salts

PURPOSE: The measurement of radiation survival using a clonogenic assay, the established standard, can be difficult and time consuming. In this study, We have used the MTT assay, based on the reduction of a tetrazolium salt to a purple formazan precipitate by living cells, as a substitution for clonogenic assay and have examined the optimal condition for performing this assay in determination of radiation sensitivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four human cancer cell lines-PCI-1, SNU-1066, NCI-H630 and RKO cells have been used. For each cell line, a clonogenic assay and a MTT assay using Premix WST-1 solution, which is one of the tetrazolium salts and does not require washing or solubilization of the precipitate were carried out after irradiation of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 Gy. For clonogenic assay, cells in 25 cm2 flasks were irradiated after overnight incubation and the resultant colonies containing more than 50 cells were scored after culturing the cells for 10~14 days. For MTT assay, the relationship between absorbance and cell number, optimal seeding cell number, and optimal timing of assay was determined. Then, MTT assay was performed when the irradiated cells had regained exponential growth or when the non-irradiated cells had undergone four or more doubling times. RESULTS: There was minimal variation in the values gained from these two methods with the standard deviation generally less than 5%, and there were no statistically significant differences between two methods according to t-test in low radiation dose (below 6 Gy). The regression analyses showed high linear correlation with the R2 value of 0.975~0.992 between data from the two different methods. The optimal cell numbers for MTT assay were found to be dependent on plating efficiency of used cell line. Less than 300 cells/well were appropriate for cells with high plating efficiency (more than 30%). For cells with low plating efficiency (less than 30%), 500 cells/well or more were appropriate for assay. The optimal time for MTT assay was after 6 doubling times for the results compatible with those of clonogenic assay, at least after 4 doubling times was required for valid results. In consideration of practical limits of assay (12 days, in this study) cells with doubling time more than 3 days were inappropriate for application. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, it is found that MTT assay can successfully replace clonogenic assay of tested cancer cell lines after irradiation only if MTT assay was undertaken with optimal assay conditions that included plating efficiency of each cell line and doubling time at least.
Cell Count ; Cell Line ; Humans ; Radiation Tolerance* ; Tetrazolium Salts