Osmotically stabilized media have been reported to increase the recovery rate of various bacteria from blood. This study was made to determine the effect of high concentrations of sucrose on the cultivation of S. typhi from blood. Sucrose in 15% or 30% concentration in the blood culture media retarded the growth. The mean incubation time for the appearance of growth was significantly longer in the media with sucrose. In those blood specimens which rendered growth of S. typhi in both media with and without sucrose, the incubation times were compared; and it was found that the majority of the specimens showed faster growth in the media without sucrose. Experimental cultures showed that the higher the sucrose concentration the lighter and slower were the growths of S. typhi. These tendencies were also observed in the growth of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, beta-hemolytic Streptococcus, alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus and S. pneumoniae.
Culture Media ; Human ; Salmonella typhi/drug effects ; Salmonella typhi/growth & development* ; Salmonella typhi/isolation & purification ; Sucrose/pharmacology*

OBJECTIVETo investigate the antimicrobial resistance and resistance profiles of Salmonella isolates, from the pork production chain in several districts of Sichuan province and to determine the correlation between serotype and the pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns.

METHODSFrom 2010 to 2011, a total of 112 Salmonella isolates from pork production chain were examined for their antimicrobial susceptibility, using the micro-dilution method against 10 antimicrobial agents.

RESULTSwere assessed by the standard by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, 2010). In addition, PFGE patterns were investigated among the Salmonella strains from different sources, under different serovars and antimicrobial profiles.

RESULTSFor Salmonella isolated from the pork production chain, resistance to tetracycline (89.29%) was frequently observed. Many isolates were resistant to spectinomycin (36.61%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (35.71%), nalidixic acid (33.93%) and ampicillin (24.11%), but all of the isolates were susceptible to ceftiofur. 33.93% of the isolates were multi-drug resistant. Salmonella isolates from the pork production chain had 19 antibiotic resistance profiles. Totally, 34 PFGE patterns were detected among 74 Salmonella isolates from the pork production chain, with the PFGE patterns of the 74 Salmonella isolates sharing 40% to 100% similarities.

CONCLUSIONThe antimicrobial resistances of the Salmonella isolates were commonly detected from the pork production chain in Sichuan province suggesting that Salmonella might horizontally spread from food animals to retail meat products.

Animals ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Meat ; microbiology ; Salmonella ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Swine

OBJECTIVESalmonella isolates recovered from retail meats that were collected in supermarkets and free markets in Xi'an and Yangling areas of Shaanxi province were studied to determine antibiotic susceptibility.

METHODAntimicrobial susceptibility to 14 antibiotics of 193 salmonella isolates were determined by using agar dilution method, which was recommended by National Committee of Clinical Laboratory Standard (NCCLS), and E.coli ATCC25922 and E.faecalis ATCC29212 as standard control strains.

RESULTSThe 44.6% of the salmonella isolates were resistant to sulfamethoxazole, followed by resistance to kanamycin (40.9%), tetracycline (37.8%), amoxicillin (26.9%), ampicillin (25.4%), gentamicin (23.3%) and chloramphenicol (21.8%). Some isolates also showed resistance to fluoroquinolones, the rates for ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, levofloxacin and gatifloxacin were 22.3%, 21.8%, 20.8% and 21.2%, respectively. 55 isolates (28.5%) were multidrug resistant (MDR) strains, 28 of 193 isolates (14.5%) could resist at least 13 antibiotics, 24 isolates (12.4%) were resistant to from 4 to 12 antibiotics.

CONCLUSIONSalmonella isolates recovered from retail meats in Xi'an district of Shaanxi province were seriously resistant to antimicrobials commonly used as human and veterinary medicine.

Animals ; Cattle ; Chickens ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Food Microbiology ; Goats ; Meat Products ; microbiology ; Salmonella ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Sheep ; Swine

OBJECTIVEThrough analyzing the typhoid epidemics and to determine and monitor regional resistance characteristics of the shift of drug resistant profile on Salmonella (S.) Typhi, to understand the related epidemiological characteristics of typhoid fever and to provide evidence for the development of strategies, in Guangxi.

METHODSData of typhoid fever from surveillance and reporting system between 1994 to 2013 was collected and statistically analyzed epidemiologically. The susceptibility of 475 S. Typhi isolates from patients on ten antibiotics was tested by broth micro-dilution method and minimum inhibition concentration was obtained and interpreted based on the CLSI standard.

RESULTSFrom 1994 to 2013, a total of 57 928 cases of typhoid fever were reported in Guangxi province with an annual incidence of 6.29/100 000 and mortality as 0.03%. The higher incidence was observed in the population under 20 years of age. There was no significant difference on incidence between male and female, but farmers and students were among the hardest hit groups. More cases were seen from the northern part of the province. Cases appeared all year round with the peak from May to October. A total of 13 major outbreaks during 2001 to 2013 were reported and the main transmission route was water-borne. All the strains were sensitive to third generation cephalosporins cefotaxime and fluoroquinolones norfloxacin. The susceptibility rates to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ampicillin and gentamicin was around 98% but relative lower susceptible rate to ciprofloxacin was seen as 89.89% . The lowest susceptibility was found for streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole agents, with the rates as 67.73% and 65.89% , respectively. One strain was found to have been resistant to ciprofloxacin and another 47 isolates with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Twenty eight isolates were found to be resistant to multiple antibiotics and one displayed ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole tetracycline and nalidixic acid (ACSSxT-NAL) resistance profile. This was the first report in China. Multi-drug resistant strains were frequently isolated from small scale outbreaks of typhoid fever.

CONCLUSIONThe incidence of typhoid fever in Guangxi was still high and some strains showed multi-drug resistance and reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, indicating that the surveillance and monitor programs on drug resistance of S. Typhi should be strengthened, to prevent large scale outbreaks of typhoid fever in this province.

China ; epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Salmonella typhi ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Typhoid Fever ; epidemiology

OBJECTIVETo determine the contamination condition of Salmonella in broiler breeding and slaughter processing in China and to investigate the distribution of antimicrobial resistance profiles.

METHODSFive large-scale broiler holdings and fourteen slaughterhouses were chosen to detect Salmonella in Henan, Jiangsu, Sichuan and Shandong provinces in 2010. A total of 835 anal swabs and 744 chicken carcasses were sampled to compare the difference of Salmonella contamination rate.Salmonella isolates were identified by serotyping according to Kauffmann-White scheme.The antimicrobial susceptibilities of Salmonella isolates were determined by broth microdilution method and sixteen antimicrobial agents were chosen and examined.

RESULTSIn total, Salmonella isolates were recovered in 56 (6.7%) specimens among 835 collected anal swabs and 122 (16.4%) specimens among 744 broiler carcasses. Positive rate of Salmonella in broiler carcasses was higher than anal swabs (χ(2) = 36.94, P < 0.05). The dominant Salmonella serovars isolated from broiler anal swabs were S.enterica serovar Indiana and S.enterica serovar Enteritidis, accounting for 58.9% (33/56) and 32.1% (18/56) respectively. The prevalent serovars in broiler carcasses were also the two serovars and occupied 29.8% (37/124), 32.2% (40/124) respectively. Nearly 95.0% (171/180) Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, 78.3% (141/180) Salmonella strains were multi-drug resistant isolates and 20 (11.1%) Salmonella isolates were resistant to 14 antimicrobials.

CONCLUSIONOur findings indicated that Salmonella contamination was common and serious in commercial broiler production and processing course in China. Salmonella contamination rate in broiler slaughter processing performance was higher than broiler flocks. Additionally, antibiotic resistance of Salmonella was in serious situation.

Animals ; Chickens ; microbiology ; China ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Food Contamination ; Meat-Packing Industry ; Salmonella ; classification ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Serotyping

Fowl typhoid (FT) reported since 1992 in Korea is a septicemic disease of domestic birds caused by Salmonella gallinarum (S. gallinarum). The purpose of this study was to investigate the biochemical characteristics and antimicrobials susceptibility of field isolates of S. gallinarum isolated by year in Korea. A total of 258 isolates of S. gallinarum from 1995 to 2001 showed the same pattern in the majority of biochemical test such as IMViC (indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer and citrate utilization), carbohydrate fermentation and amino acid decarboxylation, and these results were almost in accordance with the traditional biochemical characteristics of S. gallinarum strain. When the antimicrobial susceptibility test against 258 isolates of S. gallinarum was performed by the disk diffusion method using 12 antimicrobial agents, all isolates from 1995 appeared to be susceptible to all of the antimicrobial agents tested except for tetracycline and oxytetracycline, whereas the vast majority of isolates from 2001 showed the reduced susceptibility to ampicillin (13.0%), gentamicin (43.4%), kanamycin (69.6%), enrofloxacin (6.5%), ciprofloxacin (10.9%), norfloxacin (52.5%) and ofloxacin (82. 6%). The prevalence of the prevalence of completely resisyany isolates resistant isolates to one or more drugs rapidly increased from 0% in 1995 to 93.5% in 2001. The minimal concentrations range of the majority of antimicrobial agents to inhibit 50% (MIC50s) against S. gallinarum isolates increased from 0.06 -- 8 microgram/ml in 1997 to 2 -- 256 microgram/ml in 2001. Especially, MIC50s for gentamicin and fluoroquinolones of isolates from 2001 increased over 10-fold than those of isolates from 1997. Therefore, our results indicate that sorbitol fermentation and arginine decarboxylation showed the diversity by isolates and the vast majority of isolates from 2001 showed the reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials tested.
Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; Chickens ; Korea ; *Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Poultry Diseases/microbiology ; Salmonella/*drug effects/isolation & purification ; Salmonella Infections, Animal/microbiology

Multidrug-resistant Salmonella is a well-recognised problem worldwide, especially in developing countries such as India, where non-typhoidal Salmonella infections and enteric fever are endemic. Antimicrobial resistance, particularly to fluoroquinolones, is common and leads to the frequent use of alternative agents, such as azithromycin. We herein describe the first reported case of azithromycin-resistant Salmonella gastroenteritis in a Singaporean patient.
Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; therapeutic use ; Azithromycin ; therapeutic use ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Fluoroquinolones ; therapeutic use ; Gastroenteritis ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Humans ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Salmonella Infections ; drug therapy ; Salmonella enterica ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Singapore

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the presence and antibiogram pattern of Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in retail poultry meat products.

METHODSFoodborne pathogens (Salmonella and S. aureus) were isolated from poultry meat and confirmed with the help of biochemical and immunological test. Antibiogram of the isolates were examined by following CLSI methods.

RESULTSA total number of 209 poultry meat samples were collected and studied in this study. Out of which, 5.26% were found contaminated with Salmonella while 18.18% were found contaminated with S. aureus. All the Salmonella and S. aureus isolates were found resistant to at least one antibiotic. About 72.72% of the Salmonella isolates showed resistance to tetracycline, while S. aureus isolates were also found highly resistant to tetracycline equal to 44.73%. One of the Salmonella isolates showed multi-drug resistance to almost six antibiotics out of nine antibiotics used in the study. Multidrug resistant S. aureus isolates were also found in the study.

CONCLUSIONSThe study confirmed the presence of Salmonella and S. aureus in retail poultry meat. It is a potential threat to consumer health. To reduce the risk of contamination, good hygiene practices are necessary from processing to storage.

Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Food Microbiology ; Meat ; microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Poultry ; Prevalence ; Salmonella ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Staphylococcus aureus ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Thailand ; epidemiology

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Azithromycin ; pharmacology ; Bacteremia ; microbiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Culture Media ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Escherichia coli ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Methicillin Resistance ; Middle Aged ; Penicillin G ; pharmacology ; Salmonella paratyphi A ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Staphylococcus aureus ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Staphylococcus epidermidis ; drug effects ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo isolate Salmonella from curry samples and to evaluate the drug sensitivity of the food-borne Salmonella and its susceptibility to specific plant extracts.

METHODSSalmonella was isolated from the curry samples by standard microbiological methods and was confirmed by biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted by disc diffusion method using commercially available antibiotics such as ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, and penicillin. In addition, the susceptibility of the food-borne Salmonella was also evaluated against the aqueous extracts of Camelia sinensis (L.) Theaceae (tea leaves) and the Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Apiaceae ( ajwain or omum seeds).

RESULTSOut of fifty curry samples, only seven samples were identified to have Salmonella contamination. The Salmonella isolates showed a significant drug resistance pattern except for kanamycin. The plant extracts showed a considerable antibacterial activity against the isolates, indicating the presence of antimicrobial principle which can be exploited after complete pharmacological investigations.

CONCLUSIONSThe present study demonstrates the occurrence of Salmonella in the curry samples, and shows significant drug resistance against most of the commercially available antibiotics, except kanamycin. Antimicrobial effect of the plant extracts against the food-bone Salmonella suggests that dietary including medicinal herbs would be one strategy to manage food borne pathogens.

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Apiaceae ; chemistry ; Camellia ; chemistry ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Food Microbiology ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Plant Extracts ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Salmonella ; drug effects ; isolation & purification